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Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of GIT wall (inner to outer)

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Circular Smooth Muscle Layer, Longitudinal Smooth Muscle Layer, Serosa

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2
Q

Gastrointestinal smooth muscle function as what?

A

Syncytium

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3
Q

“Brain of the Gut”

A

Enteric Nervous System

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4
Q

How many neurons are there in the ENS?

A

100 million

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5
Q

Two plexus of ENS

A

Submucosal and Myenteric Plexus

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6
Q

Other name of Submucosal Plexus

A

Meissner’s Plexus

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7
Q

Outer plexus that lies between longitudinal and circular muscle layer

A

Myenteric / Auerbach

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8
Q

Inner Plexus that lies at submucosa

A

Submucosal / Meissner

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9
Q

Slow, undulating changes in the RMP of GI smooth muscle

A

Slow Waves

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10
Q

Electrical pacemakers of smooth muscle cells

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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11
Q

Threshold potential of GI muscle

A

-40 mv

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12
Q

Plexus for GI mobility

A

Myenteric / Auerbach

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13
Q

Does myenteric plexus has a inhibitory function?

A

YES

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14
Q

Factors that depolarize GI membrane

A

(1) Stretching of muscle, (2) Stimulation of Acetylcholine, (3) Stimulation of specific GI hormones

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15
Q

Slow acting channels present in the GI membrane

A

Calcium-Sodium Channels

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16
Q

Wave that occur automatically when RMP becomes more positive than -40 mv

A

Spike Potentials

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17
Q

RMP of GIT

A

-50 to -60 mv

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18
Q

Plexus for GI secretion and local blood flow

A

Submucosal / Meissner

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19
Q

Intensity of slow wave

A

5-15MV

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20
Q

“True Action Potential”

A

Spike Potentials

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21
Q

What initiates spike potential?

A

Slow waves

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22
Q

PSNS or SNS: excitation of GIT

A

PSNS

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23
Q

PSNS or SNS: Thoracolumbar

A

SNS

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24
Q

PSNS or SNS: inhibition of GIT

A

SNS

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25
Q

PSNS or SNS: Craniosacral

A

PSNS

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26
Q

Factors that hyperpolarize the membrane

A

(1) Effect of NE and Epi, (2) Stimulation of sympathetic nerves

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27
Q

True or False: Slow waves do not cause calcium ions to enter the smooth muscle fiber

A

True (only sodium ions)

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28
Q

Myenteric plexus is useful in inhibiting what structure?

A

Spinchter

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29
Q

Sphincter that controls emptying of stomach into the duodenum

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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30
Q

What accounts for the long duration of AP in the GIT membrane?

A

Slow opening and closing of Ca-Na channels

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31
Q

Sacral division of PSNS that supplies GIT

A

S2-4

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32
Q

Thoracolumbar division of SNS that supplies GIT

A

T5-L2

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33
Q

Cranial division of PSNS that supplies GIT

A

CN X

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34
Q

Sphincter that controls emptying from the small intestine into the cecum

A

Sphincter of ileocecal valve

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35
Q

Reflexes that control GIT secretion, peristalsis, mixing contractions and local inhibitory effects

A

Reflexes integrated entirely within the gut wall

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36
Q

Reflex that send signals from the stomach to cause evacuation of the colon

A

Gatrocolic Reflex

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37
Q

Reflex from the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents to the colon

A

Colonoileal reflex

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38
Q

Reflex that signals general inhibition of entire GIT

A

Pain Reflex

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39
Q

Reflex that produce the powerful colonic, rectal and abdominal contractions

A

Defecation reflex

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40
Q

Reflex signals from the colon and small intestines to inhibit stomach motility and stomach secretion

A

Enterogastric reflex

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41
Q

Three GIT Reflexes

A

Entire wall gut, Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia, Spinal Cord & Brainste,

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42
Q

Who acts as passageway of reflex signals from the stomach and duodenum to control gastric motility

A

CN X

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43
Q

80% composition of CN X

A

Afferent Nerve FIber

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44
Q

What hormones does G cells secretes?

A

Gastrin

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45
Q

Hormones that promote pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate

A

Secretin & Cholecystokinin

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46
Q

What hormones does M cells secretes?

A

Motilin

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47
Q

Hormones that is secreted during fasting

A

Motilin

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48
Q

Hormones that inhibits appetite

A

CCK

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49
Q

What hormones does S cells secretes?

A

Secretin

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50
Q

Hormones that stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

A

Gastrin

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51
Q

What hormones does I cells secretes?

A

Cholecystokinin

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52
Q

Hormones that stimulates insulin release

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

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53
Q

Hormones that growth of exocrine pancreas

A

Cholecystokinin

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54
Q

What hormones do K cells secrete?

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide

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55
Q

Hormones that stimulates gastric acid secretion

A

Gastrin

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56
Q

Hormones that inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide & Secretin

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57
Q

Hormones that increase gastrointestinal motility

A

Motilin

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58
Q

Hormones that stimulates gallbladder contraction

A

Cholecystokinin

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59
Q

Hormones that inhibits gastric emptying

A

Cholecystokinin

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60
Q

What neutralizes the acid in the GIT

A

Bicarbonate

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61
Q

Movements in GIT that cause food to move forward along the the tract at an appropriate rate

A

Propulsive movements

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62
Q

Movements in GIT that keeps the intestinal contents thoroughly mixed

A

Mixing Movements

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63
Q

Inherent property of many syncytial smooth muscles

A

Peristalsis

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64
Q

Usual stimulus for intestinal peristalsis

A

Distention of the gut

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65
Q

What initiates a peristaltic movement?

A

Contractile ring

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66
Q

How long does the contractile ring lasts before dying out?

A

5-10 cm

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67
Q

Peristaltic reflex + anal direction of movement of peristalsis

A

Law of the gut

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68
Q

What allows food to be propelled more easily toward the anus

A

Receptive Relaxation

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69
Q

What structure helps in churning the bolus

A

Sphincter

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70
Q

What causes chopping and shearing of intestinal contents?

A

Local intermittent constrictive contractions

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71
Q

Addition of H2O to catalyze complex food particles into simple and smaller unit

A

Hydrolysis

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72
Q

Anterior border of the oral cavity

A

Oral Vestibule

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73
Q

How many force can a molar generate?

A

200 lbs (90 kg)

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74
Q

Teeth from cutting

A

Incisor

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75
Q

Floor of the oral cavity

A

Tongue

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76
Q

Roof of the oral cavity

A

Palate

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77
Q

Teeth for grinding

A

Molar

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78
Q

Innervation of Muscle of Mastication

A

CN V3 (maxillary division)

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79
Q

Important for digestion of all foods

A

Chewing

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80
Q

What initiates rebound contraction of chewing reflex?

A

Jaw drop

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81
Q

What initiates chewing reflex?

A

Presence of bolus in the mouth

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82
Q

Posterior border of the oral cavity

A

Palatoglossal arch

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83
Q

Rate of digestion is dependent with ______ exposed to the digestive enzyme

A

Total surface area

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84
Q

pH level of saliva

A

6-7

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85
Q

Digestive enzyme in the oral cavity that helps digest lipids

A

Linguial Lipase

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86
Q

Digestive enzyme n the oral cavity that helps digest carbohydrates

A

Salivary Amylase (Alpha amylase)

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87
Q

Other name of Salivary Amylase

A

Pfyalin

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88
Q

Largest extrinsic salivary glands

A

Parotid Gland

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89
Q

Duct present in submandibular gland

A

Warton’s duct

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90
Q

What kind of saliva does sublingual gland?

A

Serous and Mucus

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91
Q

Duct present in parotid gland

A

Stensen Duct

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92
Q

What kind of saliva does parotid gland?

A

Serous

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93
Q

Duct present in Sublingual gland

A

Duct of Rivinus

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94
Q

Location where parotid duct drains its saliva

A

2nd maxillary molar

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95
Q

What kind of saliva does submandibular gland?

A

Serous and Mucus

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96
Q

The location where Warton’s duct drains its saliva

A

Lingual Frenelum

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97
Q

How many saliva is produced in intrinsic salivary gland?

A

20%

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98
Q

Intrinsic salivary gland

A

Buccal, Labid, Palatin

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99
Q

Location where duct of Rivinus drains its saliva

A

Tongue

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100
Q

How many saliva is produced in extrinsic salivary gland?

A

80%

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101
Q

Condition of parotid gland caused by paramyxovirus

A

Mumps

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102
Q

Saliva is release at constant rate

A

Intrinsic Salivary Gland

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103
Q

Saliva is released based on stimuli

A

Extrinsic Salivary Gland

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104
Q

Normal range of saliva released per day

A

800-1500 mL

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105
Q

Type of cells for lubrication and protection

A

Mucous

106
Q

Type of saliva that contains alpha-amylase

A

Serous

107
Q

Three stages of Ingestion

A

Voluntary, Pharyngeal and Esophageal

108
Q

What is the movement of the tongue when the individual swallows the bolus from their mouth?

A

Upward and backward against the palate

109
Q

Innervation of tongue muscles

A

CN 12

110
Q

Tongue muscles for formation of central through

A

Intrinsic tongue muscle

111
Q

Tongue muscle for upward and backward motion

A

Extrinsic and Backward motion

112
Q

Direction of bolus in oropharynx

A

Downward

113
Q

What CN detects bolus in the mouth and moves uvula upward?

A

CN X

114
Q

Direction of bolus in nasopharynx

A

Upward

115
Q

Direction of bolus in larynx

A

Downward and Anterior

116
Q

Muscle that contracts to close nasopharynx

A

Levator veli palatini

117
Q

Two structures in closing of larynx

A

Vocal cords & Epiglottis

118
Q

What muscle elevate pharynx and pull larynx upward?

A

Outer longitudinal muscle

119
Q

What muscle compresses the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

Cricopharyngerous

120
Q

What muscle helps with pharyngeal peristalsis?

A

Inner circular muscle

121
Q

What muscle pulls larynx upward and outward?

A

Suprahyoid

122
Q

What causes primary peristalsis in the esophageal stage?

A

Simply a continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis

123
Q

Secondary peristalsis in the esophageal stage occurs when?

A

When primary peristalsis fails

124
Q

Disease with aganglionic neurons of myenteric plexus with megacolon affectation

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

125
Q

Location of stomach

A

Left Side

126
Q

Two glands of the stomach

A

Oxyntic and Pyloric

127
Q

Oxyntic cells are responsible for how many percentages of secretion?

A

80%

128
Q

Where does Vitamin B12 absorption happen?

A

Ileum

129
Q

“Chief cells” in the Oxyntic gland

A

Peptic cells

130
Q

Parietal cells secrete what chemicals?

A

Hydrochloric acid and Intrinsic Factor

131
Q

The pyloric gland secretes what hormone?

A

Gastrin

132
Q

“Oxyntic cells” in the Oxyntic gland

A

Parietal cells

133
Q

Peptic cells secret what molecule?

A

Pepsinogen

134
Q

Glycoprotein for Vitamin B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic Factor

135
Q

Protein that helps with digestion of protein

A

Pepsinogen

136
Q

The resulting mixture of bolus and digestive juices that passes down the gut

A

Chyme

137
Q

What condition is due to an intrinsic factor deficiency?

A

Pernicious Anemia

138
Q

What structure increases the total surface area in the stomach?

A

Rugae

139
Q

How many bolus can be stored in the stomach

A

0.8-1.5 L of food

140
Q

What produces retropulsion mixing movement in the stomach?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

141
Q

What produces the rhythmical peristaltic contraction during hunger contraction?

A

Body of the stomach

142
Q

The condition where the lower esophageal sphincter is partially open?

A

GERD

143
Q

What worsens GERD?

A

Stress

144
Q

Five factors that increase gastric emptying

A

(1) Increase distention (2) Hormones (3) Size and Temperature (4) Disease/Surgery (5) PSNS

145
Q

Two factors that decrease gastric emptying

A

(1) Duodenal Factors (2) Hormonal Feedback

146
Q

Two hormones that increase gastric emptying

A

Gastric and Motilin

147
Q

Succession of Emptying

A

Carbs > Lipids > Proteins

148
Q

Reflex stimulates inhibition of the pyloric pump

A

Enterogastric reflex

149
Q

Two hormones that decrease gastric emptying

A

CCK and GIP

150
Q

Five causes of duodenal inhibition of gastric emptying

A

O, DIBA: (1) Osmolality of CHyme (2) Distention of duodenum (3) Irritation (4) Breakdown of products (5) Acidity of Chyme

151
Q

Three parts of Small Intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

152
Q

Location in the small intestine that has most chemical digestion

A

Duodenum

153
Q

Structures present in Jejunum

A

Villi and microvilli

154
Q

Function of microvilli

A

Increase surface area

155
Q

Location in the small intestine that has most absorption

A

Jejunum

156
Q

The longest part small intestine

A

Ileum

157
Q

Structure in the duodenum that release mucus that is bicarbonate rich

A

Brunner’s gland

158
Q

Mixing contraction of the small intestine

A

Segmentation

159
Q

Chyme travel time in Small Intestine

A

3-5 hrs

160
Q

Rate of propulsion in the small intestine

A

Slow movement for absorption

161
Q

A reflex that intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and forces chyme through the ileocecal valve to the cecum

A

Gastroileal Reflex

162
Q

How much water and electrolytes are absorbed in the jejunum?

A

95%

163
Q

A reflex in the small intestine due to distention that excites the myenteric plexus

A

Gastroenteric Reflex

164
Q

What other substances are absorbed in jejunum?

A

Ions, carbs, fat, and proteins

165
Q

What prevents the backflow of fecal contents from the colon into the small intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

166
Q

Powerful and rapid peristalsis occurs during diarrhea

A

Peristaltic Rush

167
Q

The small Intestine digestive enzyme that breakdown proteins?

A

Peptidases

168
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes maltose in the small intestine

A

Maltase

169
Q

Monosaccharide of sucrose

A

Fructose + Glucose

170
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes lactose in the small intestine

A

Lactase

171
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes maltose in the oral cavity

A

Alpha-amylase

172
Q

Monosaccharide of maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

173
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes sucrose in the small intestine

A

Sucrase

174
Q

What type of transport does glucose use?

A

Secondary Active Transport (Sodium-Glucose Co-transport)

175
Q

Monosaccharide of lactose

A

Galactose + Glucose

176
Q

What type of transport does fructose use?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

177
Q

The small Intestine digestive enzyme that breakdown triglyceride?

A

Intestinal Lipase

178
Q

Monosaccharide of triglyceride

A

Fatty Acids + Glycerol

179
Q

“Duct of Wirsurg”

A

Main Pancreatic Duct

180
Q

11 parts of hepatobiliary tree

A

(1) Liver, (2) R&L hepatic duct, (3) Common Hepatic Duct, (4) Cystic Duct, (5) Common Bile Duct, (6) Gallbladder, (7) Pancreas, (8) Main Pancreatic Duct, (9) Accessory Pancreatic Duct, (10) Ampulla of Vater and (11) Sphincter of Oddi

181
Q

“Duct of Santorini”

A

Accessory Pancreatic Duct

182
Q

A visceral organ that has an exocrine and endocrine function

A

Pancreas

183
Q

How much does the endocrine function of the Pancreas have?

A

1% (Islet of Langerhans)

184
Q

How much does the exocrine function of the Pancreas have?

A

99% (Acini)

185
Q

Cells that produce glucagon

A

Alpha

186
Q

Beta cells produce what substance?

A

Insulin

187
Q

Cells that produce somatostatin

A

Delta

188
Q

What enzyme catalyzes trypsinogen to trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

189
Q

Trypsin catalyzes what products?

A

Chemotrypsin, Carboxypolypeptidase, Proelastase

190
Q

Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Pancreatic Amylase

A

Carbs

191
Q

Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Pancreatic Lipase

A

Fats

192
Q

Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Trypsin

A

Proteins

193
Q

Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Chemotrypsin

A

Proteins

194
Q

Are trypsin and chemotrypsin active in pancreas?

A

NO

195
Q

What substance breakdown red meat?

A

Elastase

196
Q

What condition results from dysfunctional trypsin inhibitor at pancreas?

A

Acute pancreatis

197
Q

It neutralizes the acid chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic Bicarbonate

198
Q

The pancreatic secretion that increases gastric motility

A

Acetylcholine

199
Q

Hormones that activates the pancreas to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate

A

CCK & Secretin

200
Q

The second-largest organ in the body

A

Liver

201
Q

The functional unit of liver

A

Lobule

202
Q

The secretion that emulsifies fat

A

Bile

203
Q

What structure stores and secretes bile?

A

Gallbladder

204
Q

Liver cells that produce bile

A

Hepatocytes

205
Q

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and relaxation the sphincter of Oddi

A

CCK

206
Q

Site in GIT where the feces is formed

A

Large Intestine

207
Q

Chyme time travel in the large intestine

A

72 hours

208
Q

Two functions of the large intestine

A

(1) 5-10% absorption H20 and electrolytes (2) storage of fecal matter

209
Q

The portion of the large intestine that is for absorption

A

Proximal 1/2

210
Q

Chyme at cecum

A

Fluid

211
Q

Chyme at the transverse colon

A

Mushy

212
Q

Chyme at the sigmoid colon

A

Semi-solid

213
Q

Good bacteria in the proximal 1/2 of the large intestine that aids the formation of vitamin K

A

Colon Bacilli

214
Q

What substance does colon bacilli digest?

A

Cellulose

215
Q

Chyme at the ascending colon

A

Semi-fluid

216
Q

Chyme at the descending colon

A

Semi-mushy

217
Q

Mixing movement of the large intestine

A

Haustrations

218
Q

Three longitudinal strips of muscle in the large intestine

A

Teniae colli

219
Q

Chyme at Rectum

A

Solid

220
Q

Storage colon

A

Distal 1/2

221
Q

Propulsive movements in the large intestine

A

Mass Movement

222
Q

What type of peristalsis is present in the large intestine that results in longer relaxation time

A

Modified Peristalsis

223
Q

Two reflexes that aid mass movements

A

Gastrocolic and Duodenocolic Reflex

224
Q

What structure is present in the large intestine that adheres feces together?

A

Crypts of Lieberkun

225
Q

True or False: Large intestine has a digestive enzyme

A

False

226
Q

What structure gives greater storage and aids added resistance in the large intestine?

A

Sharp angulation of anus

227
Q

EAS is controlled by what?

A

Pudendal Nerve

228
Q

During defecation reflex, IAS and EAS are in what state?

A

Relaxed

229
Q

True or False: Feces is 1/4 water and 3/4 solid

A

False

230
Q

What makes feces color brown?

A

Stercobilin and Urobilin

231
Q

Composition of flatus

A

Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane

232
Q

________ not produced in the gut, but a component of environmental air.

A

Nitrogen

233
Q

Five signals of defecation

A

(1) Take a deep breath (2) Closure of glottis (3) Abdominal wall contraction (4) Pelvic Floor Relaxation (5) Outward pull of the anal ring

234
Q

The anal sphincter which can be voluntarily controlled

A

External

235
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Pernicious Anemia

A

Vitamin B12

236
Q

Vitamin A

A

Retinol

237
Q

Vitamin K

A

Mequinone

238
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Scurvy

A

Vitamin C

239
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Hemorrhage

A

Vitamin K

240
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalmin

241
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

242
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Pellagra

A

Vitamin B3

243
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

244
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Rickets (child)

A

Vitamin D

245
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Beri-beri

A

Vitamin B1

246
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid

247
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) night blindness

A

Vitamin A

248
Q

Vitamin B2 deficiency

A

Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis

249
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Seizures, Dermatitis

250
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

A

Osteomalacia

251
Q

Vitamin deficiency: (+) Hemolytic Anemia

A

Vitamin E

252
Q

Vitamin E

A

Tocophorol

253
Q

Vitamin D

A

Calciferol

254
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

255
Q

Niacin

A

Vitamin B3

256
Q

Vitamin is an essential role in blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

257
Q

Vitamin that is for wound healing

A

Vitamin C

258
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

259
Q

Vitamin that regulates the circulating levels of calcium and phosphorus

A

Vitamin D

260
Q

Vitamine act as an antioxidant, preventing oxidative stress and protecting fatty acids in your cell membranes from free radicals.

A

Vitamin E

Physiology (9 decks)

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