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Physiology > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Shape of kidney

A

Bean-shaped

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2
Q

Location of kidney

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

What structure is located beside the kidney?

A

T12-L3

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4
Q

What kidney is slightly lower than another?

A

Right Kidney

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5
Q

Size of kidney

A

4 inches

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6
Q

Passageway where the blood vessels can enter and exit

A

Renal Hilum

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7
Q

What other renal structures exist in the renal hilum?

A

Renal Pelvis and Ureter

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8
Q

Space within the hilum

A

Renal Sinus

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9
Q

What are the two structures contained in the Renal Sinus?

A

Blood vessel and Renal Pelvis

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10
Q

Upper expanded end of the ureter

A

Renal Pelvis

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11
Q

The dark brown outer structure of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

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12
Q

The light brown inner structure of the kidney

A

Renal Medulla

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13
Q

What composed renal medulla?

A

Renal Pyramid and Renal Column

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14
Q

“Apex” of the renal medulla

A

Renal Papilla

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15
Q

Medullary extension of renal cortex in between renal pyramids

A

Renal Column

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16
Q

Combination of 1 renal pyramid and a segment of renal cortex

A

Renal Lobule

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17
Q

Chambers through which urine passes

A

Renal Calyces

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18
Q

Collects urine from renal pyramids

A

Minor Calyx

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19
Q

Combination of minor calyces

A

Major Calyx

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20
Q

Combination of major calyces

A

Renal Pelvis

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21
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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22
Q

Movement of the fluid inside the kidney

A

Renal Artery to Renal Hilum to Renal Medulla to Renal Papilla = FILTRATION = Renal Calyces to Renal Pelvis to Ureter

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23
Q

Renal artery arises to what level of the aorta?

A

L2

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24
Q

Division of renal artery that enters the hilum of the kidney

A

Segmental Artery

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25
Q

The artery that runs toward the cortex on each side of the renal pyramid

A

Interlobular Artery

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26
Q

Artery that arch over the bases of pyramids

A

Arcuate Artery

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27
Q

Renal Blood Flow: Renal Artery

A

Renal Artery - Segmental A. - Lobular A. - Interlobular A - Arcuate A. - Cortical Radiate A. - Afferent Arteriole - Glomerulus

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28
Q

Renal Blood Flow: Renal Vein

A

Glomerulus - Efferent Arteriole - Peritubular Capillaries - Cortical Radiate Vein - Arcuate Vein - Interlobular Vein - Renal Vein - IVC

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29
Q

Combination of glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

A

Renal Corpuscle

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30
Q

Drooping of kidneys

A

Renal Ptosis

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31
Q

Drooping of kidneys below L3

A

Nephroptosis

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32
Q

Enlargement of the kidney due to back glow secondary to blockage

A

Hydronephrosis

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33
Q

Urine Flow

A

Nephron - Papillary Ducts - Renal Calyces - Renal Pelvis - Ureter - Urinary Bladder - Urethra

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34
Q

What population is more prone to urinary infection

A

Female (shorter urethra)

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35
Q

Process of urinary bladder emptying

A

Micturation

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36
Q

The nervous reflex that empties the bladder

A

Micturition Reflex

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37
Q

The stimulus of the micturition reflex

A

Distention

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38
Q

Innervation of the micturition reflex

A

S2-4

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39
Q

“Extraglomerular messengial cells”

A

Polkissen Cells

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40
Q

What kind of receptor are polkissen cells?

A

Baroreceptors

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41
Q

What enzyme is released by the kidney to regulate BP?

A

Renin

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42
Q

The segment of the nephron where most reabsorption occurs?

A

PCT

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43
Q

Chemoreceptor that is located in Early DCT

A

Macula Densa

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44
Q

What is the stimulus of Macula Densa?

A

Sodium-Chloride sensitive

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45
Q

The connective tissue that connects polkissen cells to macula densa

A

Lacis Cells

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46
Q

Macula Densa + Polkissen Cells + Lacis Cells

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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47
Q

Stimulus of JGA

A

Osmolarity of fluid

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48
Q

Carotid sinus ends signals in what area of the brain?

A

Vasomotor center of Medulla Oblongata

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49
Q

What part of the kidney does the vasomotor center send signals to?

A

JGA

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50
Q

What enzyme is released by the liver to regulate BP?

A

Angiotensinogen

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51
Q

Inhibitor of bradykinin

A

ACE

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52
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor

A

AT II

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53
Q

Artery or Vein: Increase Pressure = Increase SBP

A

Vein

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54
Q

Artery or Vein: Increase Pressure = Increase DBP

A

Artery

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55
Q

What part of Adrenal Gland is activated in the presence of AT II?

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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56
Q

The hormone that controls sodium & water retention + potassium excretion

A

Aldosterone

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57
Q

Aldosterone activates what type of cells in the LDCT?

A

Principal Cells

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58
Q

Principal Cells: Excrete 3 sodium, Absorb 2 potassium

A

G1

59
Q

Principal Cells: Activates potassium channels

A

G3

60
Q

Principal Cells: Activates sodium channels

A

G2

61
Q

ATII activates what specific part of the hypothalamus to release ADH?

A

Supraoptic Nucleus

62
Q

Function of Intraglomerular Messengial Cells

A

Phagocytosis and Contractile Function

63
Q

Holds basement membrane and acts like a filter

A

Podocytes

64
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries allow how many nanometers of substances?

A

5-10 nm

65
Q

Filtration slits allow how many nanometers of substances?

A

25-30 nm

66
Q

Slit Diaphragm allows how many nanometers of substances?

A

7-9 nm

67
Q

“Split Diaphragm”

A

Nephrin

68
Q

Normal GFR Rate

A

125 mL/min

69
Q

Urine Excretion formula

A

(Filtration - Reabsorption) + Secretion

70
Q

Factors that influence GFR

A

NFR, Surface Area, Rate of Permability

71
Q

NFR: Pressure pushing plasm out of capillaries into Bowman’s Capsule

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

72
Q

NFR: Plasma proteins that keep H20 in the blood

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

73
Q

Normal GHP

A

55 mmHg

74
Q

NFR Formula

A

GHP - (COP + CHP)

75
Q

NFR: Extended by the actual pressure in the bowman’s capsule

A

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

76
Q

Normal COP

A

30 mmHg

77
Q

Normal CHP

A

15 mmHg

78
Q

Autoregulator that protects nephron from being rupture

A

Afferent Arteriole

79
Q

Two autoregulation mechanism

A

Myogenic Mechanism and Tubuloglomerular Feedback

80
Q

Autoregulation maintains arterial pressure between what range?

A

80-100 mmHg

81
Q

Autoregulation due to dilation of AA

A

Myogenic Mechanism

82
Q

Release of what component facilitates depolarization in Myogenic Mechanism?

A

Calcium release

83
Q

What is the end effect of the Myogenic Mechanism?

A

AA Shrinkage

84
Q

What substance does the Macula Densa release to signal afferent arterioles after getting stimulate with increase tubular fluid

A

ATP and Adenosine

85
Q

Movement of water in osmosis

A

Lower solute to high solute (where Na goes, H20 follows)

86
Q

Number of osmotically active moles

A

Osmoles

87
Q

Number of osmoles per liter of H20

A

Osmolarity

88
Q

Cell Shrinking

A

Hypertonicity

89
Q

Decrease concentration outside the cell

A

Hypotonicity

90
Q

Number of osmoles per kilogram of H20

A

Osmolality

91
Q

Cell Swelling

A

Hypotonicity

92
Q

Increase concentration outside the cell

A

Hypertonicity

93
Q

Normal osmolality in renal

A

290 mosm/L

94
Q

How much sodium is absorbed in PCT?

A

65%

95
Q

What substance maintains acid buffer?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

96
Q

Acid-base balance equation

A

H + HCO3 = H2CO3 = H + HCO3

97
Q

What enzyme breakdowns carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

98
Q

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Buffer

A

HCO3 reabsorption in the blood and H+ excretion

99
Q

Where does H+ get excreted?

A

PCT

100
Q

What are the two channels included in Acid-Buffer Balance?

A

Na + HCO3 co-transport and Na + H20 exchanged

101
Q

Hyperosmolar Medullary Instertitium is produced by what mechanisms?

A

Counter-current multiplier and Urea Cycling

102
Q

Another name of hyperosmolar medullary interstitium

A

Corticopapillary Gradient

103
Q

Who facilitates Counter-current exchange?

A

Vasa Recta

104
Q

Two mechanisms of urine concentration and dilation

A

Hyperosmolar Medullary Instertitium & Role of ADH

105
Q

Is there a change of osmolality from the glomerulus to PCT?

A

NONE

106
Q

Special channels in thick ascending LOH that helps with hyperosmolality of medullary interstitium

A

Na - K - 2Cl symporter

107
Q

Special channels in Early DCT that helps with hyperosmolality of medullary interstitium

A

Na - Cl transport

108
Q

Maximum osmolarity gradient in the medullary and papillary area

A

1200 mos/L

109
Q

Area of renal tubules that is impermeable to water

A

Half of Thin Descending LOH, Ascending LOH, Early DCT

110
Q

Who facilitates the Counter-current multiplier?

A

LOH

111
Q

Counter-current multiplier mechanism

A

Descending LOH pumps out H20 and Ascending LOH pumps out Na-K-2CL out into the medullary interstitium

112
Q

Area of renal tubules that is permeable to water

A

PCT, Half of Thin Descending LOH

113
Q

Descending LOH is impermeable to what substance?

A

Solutes

114
Q

Where is the medullary dilating segment?

A

Thick Ascending LOH

115
Q

Ascending LOH is impermeable to what substance?

A

H20

116
Q

Descending LOH is permeable to what substance?

A

H20

117
Q

Where is the cortical dilating segment?

A

Early DCT

118
Q

Ascending LOH is permeable to what substance?

A

Solutes

119
Q

Location of Urea Recycling

A

Inner Medullary Collecting Ducts

120
Q

Who reabsorbed urea in renal tubules to prevent overexpression of hyperosmolarity?

A

Thin LOH

121
Q

Where can you find the diluted luminal fluid?

A

DCT

122
Q

What mechanism maintains the hyperosmolarity by preventing rapid removal of Na-Cl?

A

Counter-current exchanger

123
Q

Where does ADH store and released?

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

124
Q

What part of renal tubule ADH works?

A

Late DCT and CD

125
Q

What stimulates the release of ADH to the renal tubule?

A

Dehydration (Increase plasma osmolality)

126
Q

Most diluted fluid in presence of ADH

A

LCTD and CD

127
Q

What substance produces yellow hues in urine?

A

Urobilin

128
Q

What is the sensory stimulation of the micturition reflex?

A

Distention of detrusor muscle

129
Q

Two parts of the micturition reflex

A

Storage and Emptying

130
Q

What happens in the involved structure in the storage part of the micturition reflex?

A

EUS and IUS contraction + Detrusor relaxation

131
Q

What happens in the involved structure in the emptying part of the micturition reflex?

A

EUS voluntary relaxed, IUS involuntary relaxed, Detrusor relaxed

132
Q

Incontinence: (+) spastic baldder

A

Urge

133
Q

Incontinence: Normal Bladder

A

Functional

134
Q

Incontinence: Flaccid bladder

A

Overflow

135
Q

Incontinence: Weak support of bladder and urethra

A

Stress

136
Q

PT management with overflow incontinence

A

Crede Maneuver

137
Q

Incontinence: MC in elderly

A

Urge

138
Q

Incontinence: Mind and Body is not working

A

Functional

139
Q

Incontinence: laugh or cough

A

Stress

140
Q

Incontinence: overdistention of detrusor

A

Overflow

141
Q

Where does the concentration of urine occur?

A

DCT

142
Q

Urinary bladder can store how many mL of urine?

A

400-600 mL

143
Q

Residual volume of urine after emptying

A

NONE or 0mL

144
Q

What inhibits the secretion of ADH?

A

Increase blood volume

Physiology (9 decks)

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