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Joeli lectures > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lungs

A

gas exchange
pH maintenance via retention or elimination of CO2
Conversion of ANG1 to ANG2 for blood pressure control

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2
Q

Pressure and volume relationship

A

inversely related

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3
Q

air will flow from areas —

A

high pressure to low pressure

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4
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

active

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5
Q

primary inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm (phrenic nerve fires –> diaphragm contracts)
external intercostals (elevate ribs –> increase transverse diameter)
external intercostals (evert ribs –> increase AP diameter)

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6
Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Serratous anterior
Scalenes
Pectoralis

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7
Q

Is expiration a passive or active process?

A

passive

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8
Q

Muscles for forced expiration

A

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

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9
Q

Pressure and volume for inspiration

A

Volume increases –> pressure in lungs decreases –> air flow from atmosphere into lungs

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10
Q

Pressure and volume for expiration

A

Volume decreases –> pressure increases –> air flows out

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11
Q

Conducting zone

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles

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12
Q

What is considered the anatomic dead space?

A

conducting zone; no gas exchange occurs here

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13
Q

volume in conducting zone/dead space

A

150 mL
1/3 of tidal volume

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14
Q

What is surfactant created by?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

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15
Q

What is the alveolar epithelium created by?

A

type 1 pneumocytes

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16
Q

Volume in the respiratory zone

A

3L

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17
Q

Does diffusion occur actively or passively?

A

passively

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18
Q

Diffusion is directly proportional to

A

pressure difference (P1-P2; AA gradient)
Surface area
temperature
solubility (easier to offload CO2 than to transfer O2 over)

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19
Q

Diffusion is inversely proportional to

A

molecular size
thickness of membrane

20
Q

alveolar dead space (pathologic)

A

Alveoli not receiving blood supply –> no gas exchange

shallow rapid breathing –> decreased alveolar ventilation –> decreased O2/CO2 exchange

deep slow breathing –> increased alveolar ventilation –> increased O2/CO2 exchange

21
Q

High V/Q

A

Pulmonary HTN, PE

blood is not getting perfused

22
Q

Low V/Q

A

emphysema due to decreased ventilation

23
Q

positive pressure causes

A

tension pneumothorax

valsalva

24
Q

Causes of less negative pressure

A

emphysema –> less recoil

leads to air trapping

25
Q

Cause of zero pressure

A

birth

stab wound without valve

spontaneous pneumothorax

26
Q

what decreases our lung’s ability to collapse

A

surfactant decreases surface tension which decreases our lung’s ability to collapse

27
Q

How is compliance related to surface tension and elasticity

A

inversely related

28
Q

Who do we worry about not having enough surfactant?

A

premies

29
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

amount of volume involved in gas exchange

30
Q

Normal V/Q ratio

A

0.8, 80%

31
Q

When is pressure lowest

A

mid inspiration

32
Q

when is pressure highest

A

mid expiration

33
Q

Is transmural pressure always positive or always negative

A

always positive

34
Q

Least resistance

A

alveoli due to higher surface area

35
Q

Premature babies are at high risk of lung collapse so we put them on

A

positive pressure breathing

stimulate surfactant production via steroids or thyroxine or prolactin

36
Q

Compliance

A

expansibility of lungs

change in volume divided by change in pressure

(if increased compliance then you are able to get air in)

37
Q

Emphysema and compliance

A

increased compliance –> decreased recoil

think of an old sock and a useless rubber band

38
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis and compliance

A

decreased compliance –> increased recoil

think about compression stockings that are very strong and difficult to stretch

39
Q

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency and compliance

A

decreased elastin –> decreased lung recoil –> increased compliance

40
Q

Eupnea

A

normal breathing

41
Q

Hypopnea

A

decreased breathing

42
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increased breathing

43
Q

Apnea

A

no breathing

44
Q

Orthopnea

A

erect breathing

CHF

45
Q

platypnea

A

flat breathing

46
Q

trepopnea

A

side breathing

CHF or fibrosis of one lung

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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