Basal Ganglia and Motor syndromes

Question 1

What tracts are pyramidal tracts?

Answer 1

Corticospinal
Corticobulbar

Question 2

Pyramidal tracts consist of what types of motor neurons?

Answer 2

Upper motor neurons

Question 3

Pyramidal tracts synapse on what type of motor neurons?

Answer 3

Lower motor neurons

Question 4

Corticospinal tracts travels from cortex to ___

Answer 4

anterior horn of spinal cord

Question 5

Corticobulbar tracts travel from cortex to ____

Answer 5

cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

Question 6

What brain structures control the extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 6

Corpus striatum
Basal ganglia
Red nucleus
Reticular formation
Thalamus

Question 7

Extrapyramidal symptoms are often caused by disruption of what NT?

Answer 7

Dopamine

Question 8

Dystonia

Answer 8

involuntary spasms of major muscle groups

Question 9

Akathisia

Answer 9

Restlessness

Question 10

Parkinsonism

Answer 10

Symptoms related to iatrogenic lowering of dopamine in brain

Question 11

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 11

Involuntary movements

Question 12

What muscles are often involved in tardive dyskinesia

Answer 12

Orofacial muscles

Question 13

Pyramidal tracts control what type of movement

Answer 13

Voluntary

Question 14

Extrapyramidal tracts control what type of movement

Answer 14

Involuntary

Question 15

Direct pathway action on thalamus

Answer 15

Excitation of thalamus
‘Go’ pathway

Question 16

Indirect pathway action on thalamus

Answer 16

Inhibition of thalamus
‘No-go’ pathway

Question 17

Major excitatory NT is basal ganglia

Answer 17

Glutamate

Question 18

Parkinson’s results from dopaminergic neuronal loss in what specific area

Answer 18

Substantia nigra

Question 19

What are lewy bodies composed of

Answer 19

alpha synuclein

Question 20

What may be first symptom in PD?

Answer 20

reduced sense of smell

Question 21

In PD, where do we see changes in serotonergic neurons

Answer 21

Raphe nucleus

Question 22

In PD, where do we see changes in noradrenergic neurons

Answer 22

Locus coeruleus

Question 23

Is Huntington’s disease autosomal dominant or recessive

Answer 23

dominant

Question 24

Where do we see atrophy is Huntington’s disease

Answer 24

caudate and putamen

Question 25

Macroscopic changes in AD

Answer 25

decreased brain volume wide sulci thin gyri enlarged ventricles

Question 26

Chorea is due to damage where?

Answer 26

striatum

Question 27

What receptors are damaged in chorea

Answer 27

D2 receptors (in striatum)

Question 28

Ballism is due to damage where

Answer 28

Subthalamic nuclei

Question 29

Athetosis is due to damage where

Answer 29

Putamen

Question 30

What type of tremor is present at rest

Answer 30

Parkinsonian tremor

Question 31

What tremor is related to toxic metabolite build up

Answer 31

Asterixis

Question 32

What tremor is absent at rest and accentuated by extension of body part

Answer 32

Essential tremor

Question 33

What tremor is initiated by movement and maximal toward end of movement

Answer 33

Cerebellar tremor