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Joeli lectures > Limbic system > Flashcards

Limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

What area of the brain is involved in planning, decision making, and social behavior

A

Prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

Damage to prefrontal cortex could cause

A

Blunted affect
Loss of initiative
Loss of inhibition
‘infantile personality’

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3
Q

What area of the brain is associated with motivated behaviors

A

prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

Limbic system is composed of what brain structures (PATCH HO)

A

prefrontal cortex
amygdala
thalamus
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
hypothalamus
olfactory connections

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5
Q

What system is also referred to as primitive brain or reptilian brain

A

limbic system

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6
Q

Limbic system links conscious function with ___function

A

autonomic function

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7
Q

Hippocampus is really important in what type of memory

A

consolidation of memory (short-term memory)

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8
Q

Damage to hippocampus would cause what type of amnesia

A

anterograde amnesia (long-term memories remain, unable to form new memories)

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9
Q

What structure is considered the aggression center and is in charge of anger, violence, fear, anxiety

A

amygdala

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10
Q

in what disorder do we have hyperactive amygdala

A

PTSD

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11
Q

stimulation of amygdala leads to what

A

anxiety disorders, anger, violence

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12
Q

depression of amygdala leads to what

A

hyper-orality
hyper-sexuality
disinhibition
reckless behavior

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13
Q

Why does depression of amygdala cause those problems?

A

not afraid of what would happen

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14
Q

To what two structures does amygdala have output to?

A

hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

Amygdala and hypothalamus function

A

HR, visceral and somatic functions

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16
Q

Amygdala and prefrontal cortex

A

tell someone you love them
acts of violence
suppress violent acts

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate

A

ANS

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18
Q

What regulates body temperature, sleep/wake cycle

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

what regulates hormone secretion and hormone regulation

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

through what structures does the hypothalamus regulate hormone secretion and regulation

A

through infundibulum to pituitary gland

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21
Q

What brain structure regulates pain and emotion

A

cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

what brain structure drives conscious response to negative experiences and avoidance of negative consequences

A

Cingulate gyrus

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23
Q

where does the tuberinfundibular pathway originate

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

through what structures does the tuberoinfundibulnar pathway signal through

A

sends signals through infundibulum to the pituitary

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25
Q

damage to tuberoinfundibular pathway causes what

A

galactorrhea and amenorrhea

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26
Q

Does dopamine inhibit or excite prolactin via D2 receptors

A

inhibits prolactin via D2 receptors on pituitary lactotroph cells

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27
Q

where does nigrostriatal pathway originate

A

substantia nigra

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28
Q

where does nigrostriatal pathway project

A

originates in substantia nigra and projects to caudate and putamen

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29
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway is also referred to as

A

basal ganglia pathway

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30
Q

Damage to nigrostriatal pathway/basal ganglia pathway can lead to what disease

A

Parkinson’s disease

31
Q

Where is ventral Tegmental area positioned

A

between substantia nigra

32
Q

what type of neurons are found in ventral Tegmental area

A

dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain

33
Q

ventral tegmental area gives rise to what pathways

A

mesocortical
mesolimbic

34
Q

Ventral tegmental area functions in

A

cognition
emotion
behavior
reward pathway

35
Q

What pathway gives rise of negative symptoms in schizophrenia

A

mesocortical

36
Q

what pathway gives rise to positive symptoms in schizophrenia

A

mesolimbic pathway

37
Q

what pathway is hypoactive in schizophrenia

A

mesocortical

38
Q

what pathway is hyperactive in schizophrenia

A

mesolimbic

39
Q

mesocortical pathway originates in VTA and travels to what brain structure

A

prefrontal cortex

40
Q

When does mesocortical pathway mature

A

adolescence or young adulthood

41
Q

amphetamines release dopamine in mesocortical pathway leading to what

A

increased cognition

42
Q

Damage to what pathway impairs control and functioning

A

mesocortical pathway

43
Q

mesolimbic pathway originates in VTA and projects to what brain structure

A

nucleus accumbens

44
Q

mesolimbic pathway is also referred to as

A

reward pathway

45
Q

what pathway mediates feelings of pleasure and reward

A

mesolimbic pathway

46
Q

from what structure are feelings of rewards generated from in the mesolimbic pathway

A

nucleus accumbens

47
Q

limbic system connects the mesolimbic pathway with what 2 brain structures

A

amygdala
hippocampus

48
Q

what drugs directly increase dopamine

A

cocaine
amphetamines
nicotine

49
Q

what drugs indirectly increase dopamine

A

opiates
alcohol

50
Q

Dysfunction of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways are implicated in what 2 diseases

A

schizophrenia
autism

51
Q

where does dopamine INITIALLY afire in response to reward

A

VTA

52
Q

unexepected rewards results in what in terms of dopamine

A

greater release of dopamine

53
Q

What is the quality of being noticeable or important

A

salience

54
Q

what pathway enhances motivation properties of cues and rewards

A

mesolimbic pathway

55
Q

the ‘high’ we feel is controlled by what brain structure

A

nucleus accumbens

56
Q

the ‘high’ is caused by an increase in

A

synaptic dopamine

57
Q

when ____ pathways capacity is reduced, it leads us to seek artificial rewards over natural rewards

A

when working memory from MESOCORTICAL pathway capacity is reduced, it leads us to seek artificial rewards over natural rewards

58
Q

Stress and working memory

A

During times of stress, working memory is decreased

59
Q

what is the primary event that occurs in schizophrenia patients

A

mesocortical damage

60
Q

Glutamate hypothesis in mesolimbic pathway for schizophrenia

A

decreased glutamate (NMDA receptors) –> decreased GABA released –> less inhibition of dopaminergic neurons –> increased dopamine from VTA to hippocampus –> psychosis

61
Q

Glutamate hypothesis in mesocortical pathway for schizophrenia

A

NMDA receptors that directly stimulate dopamine are reduced –> decreased dopamine –> negative symptoms

62
Q

Serotonin receptors primarily implicated in schizophrenia

A

5-HT2 subtypes

63
Q

People with schizophrenia and nicotine

A

people with schizophrenia are more likely to be heavy tobacco users that normal population

64
Q

what drug acts of 5-HT2A receptors

A

LSD

65
Q

what 3 NT are implicated in schizophrenia

A

serotonin
glutamate
dopamine

66
Q

depression results from abnormalities in what brain region

A

cortico-limbic region

67
Q

3 major NT implicated in depression

A

serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine

68
Q

SERotonin and depression

A

sleep
emotion
remember (memory)

69
Q

NORepinephrine

A

No hesitation
On alert
Recall memory
‘cognitive alertness’

70
Q

DOPamine

A

determination
obsession
pleasure

71
Q

in autism, there is chronic inflammation and dysfunction to what brain cells

A

microglia

72
Q

in autism, what NT is increased

A

glutamate

73
Q

in autism, what NT is decreased

A

GABA

74
Q

what is the main structure that shows overgrowth in autism

A

amygdala

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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