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Joeli lectures > Antibiotics + Infectious Organisms > Flashcards

Antibiotics + Infectious Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes

A

Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Virus (particles)
Fungus (eukaryotes)
Parasites (eukaryotic protozoans)

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2
Q

Human vs bacteria

cells filled with —

A

both are filled with cytoplasm

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3
Q

human versus bacteria

cellular components

A

humans: organelles
bacteria: no organelles

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4
Q

human versus bacteria

energy

A

human: mitochondria = energy processes

bacteria: no mitochondria, energy processes occur in membrane

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5
Q

human versus bacteria

nucleus

A

human: Nucleus and DNA within nucleus

bacteria: no nucleus

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6
Q

human versus bacteria

Protein synthesis

A

human: DNA, RNA, ribosome
bacteria: DNA, RNA, ribosome

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7
Q

Human versus bacteria

cell membrane

A

human: surrounds cytoplasm; lipid bilayer

bacteria: surrounds cytoplasm; lipid bilayer

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8
Q

human versus bacteria

periplasmic space

A

human: nonexistant

bacteria: exists between membrane and cell

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9
Q

human versus bacteria

cell wall

A

human: no cell wall

bacteria: peptidoglycan

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10
Q

human versus bacteria

special features

A

human: n/a

bacteria: gram negative have second, outer lipid membrane layer; mycobacteria specialized cell wall; some microbes have flagella, capsules, etc.

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11
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A

outer, polysaccharide capsule
more difficult to phagocytose

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12
Q

Examples of encapsulated bacteria

A

H. flu, S. pneumonia, Neisseria, Salmonella, Group B strep, Klebsiella, E. coli

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13
Q

Fastidious bacteria

A

complex nutritional needs: Neisseria or hemophilus – difficult to culture

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14
Q

Acid fast

A

refers to ability to resist acid destaining

Mycobacteria

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15
Q

staphylococci are ________

A

commensals (in flora)

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16
Q

More staphylococci are ______

A

coagulase negative

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17
Q

Staph aureus

A

coagulase positive
major pathogen
coagulates fibrin –> resists host defenses
Abscess, sepsis, MRSA

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18
Q

Endotoxin

A

component on LPS layer of GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

released when cell dies and the LPS layer is broken apart —> fever, vascular inflammation, and can lead to DIC, sepsis, death

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19
Q

Exotoxins

A

proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria

most often gram positive bacteria (can also be gram negative)

secreted into surrounding tissue or released upon bacterial death

Highly antigenic - many have vaccinations

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20
Q

Examples of exotoxins

A

botulinum toxin

tetanus

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21
Q

Inner cell membrane on gram positive, gram negative, mycobacteria

A

surrounds cytoplasm

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22
Q

peptidoglycan layer on gram positive, gram negative, mycobacteria

A

gram positive - thick peptidoglycan layer

gram negative - thinner peptidoglycan

mycobacteria - thinner peptidoglycan

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23
Q

peptidoglycan layer in gram positive layer

A

hydrophilic outer layer; lipoteichoic acids within wall for adhesion, feeding, host invasion

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24
Q

outer lipid membrane on gram negative and mycobacteria

A

gram negative - hydrophobic layer

mycobacteria - asymmetric bilayer

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25
Q

channels in membrane of gram negative bacteria

A

channels = pores

pores allow hydrophilic molecules to pass

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26
Q

inner membrane layer of mycobacteria

A

arabinogalactan & mycolic acids

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27
Q

outer membrane layer in mycobacteria

A

extractable phospholipids

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28
Q

Gram positive cocci

A

staphylococcus
streptococcus
enterococcus

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29
Q

gram positive rods

A

corynebacterium
listeria
mycobacterium
clostridium
gardenerella

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30
Q

gram negative cocci

A

moraxella (diplo)
neisseria (diplo)

31
Q

gram negative rods

A

Enterobacteriaceae
Pseduomonas
Helicobacter
Haemophilus
Legionella
Bacteroides Fusobacterium
Provotella

32
Q

Gram negative coccobacilli

A

bordatella pertussis
fracisella tularensis
rickettsiae
haemophilus
chlamydia

33
Q

Examples of enterobacteriaeceae

A

Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Citrobacter
Proteus
Serratia
Salmonella
Shigella
Morganella
Providencia

34
Q

What is a good PO option for MRSA

A

clindamycin

35
Q

Examples of mycobacteria

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium avium
mycobacterium leprae

36
Q

Atypical bacteria

A

generally reside in the respiratory or urogenital tracts
lack cell wall or typical peptidoglycan component

all have potential to cause pneumonia

37
Q

Examples of atypical bacteria

A

mycoplasma
chlamydia and chlamydophila
Ureaplasma
Legionella
Ricketttsia

38
Q

R. rickettsii causes

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

39
Q

Coxiella burnetti causes

A

Q fever

40
Q

ehrlichia chafeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum causes

A

ehrlichiosis

41
Q

Treatment of spirochetes can cause

A

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

42
Q

Spirochetes examples

A

treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Leptospira (Leptospirosis) —> mainly infects animals but occasionally humans

43
Q

How do you treat bite wounds?

A

augmentin

44
Q

Cat bite

A

pasteurella multocida

45
Q

Cat scratch or bite

A

bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever)

46
Q

what organisms do dogs carry

A

pasteurella multocida and P canis

Capnocytophaga canimorsus

47
Q

Filamentous fungi

A

molds

48
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

exist in 2 forms depending on environment (yeast or filamentous)

49
Q

Cell wall of fungi

A

contains chitin and beta-glucan – not peptidoglycan

resistant to PCNs

50
Q

cells membrane of fungi

A

contains ergosterol – not cholesterol

51
Q

Pseudohyphae is produced by

A

yeast; candida

52
Q

true hyphae is produced by

A

filamentous fungi

53
Q

Fungi

A

aspergillus
candida
coccidiodes
cryptococcus
histpoplasma
malassezia furfur
mucor
tinea
trychophyton

54
Q

malassezia furfur causes

A

tinea versicolor

55
Q

Trichophyton causes

A

onchomycosis

56
Q

pneumocystis jiiroveci

A

eukaryote – resembles fungus
does not respond to anti fungal
usual tx = TMP-SMX
most common opportunistic HIV infection

57
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Kerion

treatment with griseofulvin

58
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

treatment: selsun blue or head and shoulders

59
Q

What is the most common STD?

A

human papillomavirus (HPV)

60
Q

Parvovirus causes

A

erythema infectious (fifth disease)

61
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes

A

bronchiolitis

62
Q

Viral exanthems

A

Rubella
Rubeola
Roseola

63
Q

Protozoa

A

plasmodium (malaria)
trichomonas
ameba
giardia

64
Q

Helminths

A

parasitic intestinal worms

pinworms, ascarids, nematodes

65
Q

Vector borne illnesses via mosquito

A

malaria
dengue fever
west nile
zika

66
Q

bird related illnesses

A

Psittacosis
Q fever
Histoplasmosis (spread via bird droppings in soil)

67
Q

Erysipelas versus Cellulitis

A

Erysipelas - distinct raised border = step sign; generally on face but can be anywhere

Cellulitis - no border

68
Q

microbe’s protein = ___; antimicrobial medication = ____

A

microbe’s protein = receptor

antimicrobial medication = the ligand

69
Q

Examples of drug targets UNIQUE to pathogen

A

bacterial cell wall
fungal ergosterol

70
Q

examples of drugs that attack SIMILAR to host

A

dihydrofolate reductase inhibition
bacterial protein synthesis inhibition

71
Q

Examples of drugs attacking target COMMON to both

A

rapidly cycling cancer cells

72
Q

Large index or wide window = safer

A

if toxic dose high and treatment dose low

73
Q

PEN FAST Rule

A

F - five years or less since ran (2 points)
A - anaphylaxis/angioedema OR
S - severe cutaneous adverse reaction (2 points)
T - treatment required for reaction (1 point)

0 pts = <1%
1-2 = 5%
3 = 20%
4 = 50%

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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