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Joeli lectures > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity

A

native/natural - doesn’t change much throughout lifetime
anatomic barriers
rapid-response mechanism
directs and activates adaptive system

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2
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

acquired/specific
mechanisms stimulated by exposure
slower response, later more powerful

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3
Q

Specialized cells in innate system

A 
Monocytes and macrophages 
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Basophils
Mast cell 
Eosinophils
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4
Q

Which cells are phagocytic cells

A

Monocytes and macrophages

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Function of monocytes and macrophages

A

powerful phagocyte
secretes cytokines like Type 1 interferon alpha and beta = antiviral = apoptosis of infected cell
can synthesize complement - can replenish C3 (a complement protein) during infection

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6
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

circulating in blood
responde to site of inflammation via cytokine signaling –> phagocytic in tissue
Large numbers = the ‘army’

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7
Q

Phagocytic cells have receptors to recognize stimuli and release other signals for activation

A

pattern recognition receptors
G couple protein receptors
opsonin receptors
cytokine receptors

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8
Q

Where are dendritic cells located

A

close to epithelium where our mechanical barriers are

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9
Q

dendritic cells function

A

activated during infection –> travels to lymph node –> activates adaptive cells
primary professional antigen presenting cell (APC)

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10
Q

natural killer cells function

A

synthesizes Type 2 interferon gamma to activate macrophages
responds to intracellular microbes
produce interferon to kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
in a state of constant inhibition

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11
Q

When do natural killer cells lose inhibition

A

when MHC 1 are damaged (Tumor cells)

when MHC 1 are inactivated, not recognized, or destroyed (virus infection)

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12
Q

Basophils, mast cell, eosinophils function

A

located close to our tissues
against parasitic invaders (degranulation –> histamine)
signal WBC to come to site of infection

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13
Q

Virus or tumor

A

they do not have appropriate complexes expressed

they do express activating ligands

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14
Q

Anatomic barriers

A 
skin
mucosal lining
mucus
stomach acid
tears
lactic acid in women's vaginas
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15
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

the liver

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16
Q

function of complement proteins

A

constantly circulating throughout body
augment innate and adaptive immune system (help to recruit other cells to the area)
there are several autoimmune disease where complement proteins are implicated in the problem

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17
Q

Cytokines

A

used to signal other cells or recruit other cells to the area

18
Q

Histamine

A

vasodilator, induces chemotaxis

19
Q

Enzymes

A

can cause degradation of pathogenic tissues

20
Q

Which cells can recognized components of microbes that are important for infectivity of the pathogen?

A

innate immune cells, leukocytes, epithelial cells

21
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

A

structures on the pathogen that is recognized by innate cells. these structures are essential to microbes, cannot be mutated, and help microbes evade defenses

think scare person that will harm you

22
Q

danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP)

A

molecules released by damaged cells/necrotic cells that leukocytes can recognize and respond to

our own tissue that is necrotic; think of a sick person that needs an ambulance

23
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

A

receptors on the leukocytes and epithelial cells that are able to recognized the PAMP and DAMP to initiate immune response

goal is to recognize a pattern on a pathogen

24
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

A

a group of well defined PRRs

can respond to extracellular microbes, ingested microbes, and cells ionized with microbes

25
Q

Mannose receptor on macrophage

A

recognized mannose –> phagocytosis

26
Q

CRP

A

it can activate our complement cascade and it is an opsonin so it can attract other inflammatory cells or WBC to the area
during acute phase response
binds to bacterial component –> activates C1q
Another mechanism to activate classical pathway

27
Q

LPS binding proteins

A

recognized LPS on bacteria

28
Q

mannose-binding lectin

A

mannose-binding lectin: binds to mannose on bacteria –> activates complement, complicit can kill bacteria directly (MAC) or attract phagocytes, opsonin

29
Q

Complement activation pathways

A

can be activated from any type of pathogen but it generally will respond to extracellular pathogens
can also be activated in immune responses (autoimmune disease)

alternative pathway (innate)
classical pathway (adaptive)
lectin pathway (innate)
30
Q

Alternative pathway

A

triggered by bacterial polysaccharides (LPS)

important in innate immunity

31
Q

lectin pathway

A

lectin - protein that binds to carbohydrates (CHO)
Mannose-binding lectin – plasma protein that binds to microbial mannose (CHO)
Can activate classical pathway without antibody binding
rol ein innate immunity (recognize bacteria without adaptive immune system)

32
Q

classical pathway

A

triggered by antigen-antibody bing (IgM or IgG) – typically IgM
part of adaptive immunity –> communication between innate and adaptive
Ca2+ or Mg2+ dependent
cannot be activated until we have already encountered this or until our body has started to produce antibodies to recognize this

33
Q

Membrane attack couplex (MAC)

A

C6 + C7 + C8 + C9 + C5b = complex –> cell lysis

34
Q

Complement fixation

A

once antigen-antibody binds to complement = complement fixation

35
Q

Complement inhibition

A

proteins exist on host cells to prevent over activation & host cell destruction

36
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical signals
may be released by cells to signal, activate and attract other immune cells
interleukins (IL) - between white cells
interferons (IFN) - mainly released from dendritic cells and macrophages
Tumor necrosis factor - from macrophages, neutrophils, etc

37
Q

Type 1 interferons

A

IFN alpha and beta - mainly released from dendritic cells and macrophages
functions in cell signaling —> virus infected host cell undergoes apoptosis

38
Q

Type 2 inferferons

A

IFN gamma – mainly from T helper cells and NK cells
activates macrophages
activates B cells –> IgG (allows B cells to class switch from IgA to IgG or to produce more antibodies)

39
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

kills tumor and virus infected cells

activates and recruits other immune cells

40
Q

MHC 1

A

present in all nucleated cells
presents endogenous peptides (self antigens, intracellular pathogens, cancer cells)
recognized by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

41
Q

MHC 2

A

present in professional APCs
presents exogenous peptides (endocytose or phagocytoses pathogen, starts external to cell)
taken in by APC –> broken down –> presented on MHC 2
recognized by T helper cells (CD4+)

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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