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Joeli lectures > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain
spinal cord
white matter - axons and oligodendrocytes
gray matter - soma/cell body and unmyelinated fibers

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2
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

relays info to and from the CNS

afferent and efferent

contains somatic and autonomic NS

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3
Q

afferent versus efferent

A

afferent (ascending) –> to the CNS; sensory input

efferent (descending) –> away from the CNS; motor output

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4
Q

somatic NS

A

motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What neuron is used in somatic NS and what does it release?

A

alpha motor neuron; releases acetylcholine on effector organs

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6
Q

Autonomic NS

A

motor and sensory components involved in regulating involuntary control of organs and internal environment

consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

What motor neurons are used in autonomic NS

A

two motor neurons: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

thoracolumbar

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

craniosacral

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10
Q

Afferent

A

ascending pathway that takes sensory info from PNS to CNS

sensory info always enters through the Doral horn of spinal cord

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11
Q

Ascending tracts

A

pain and temperature: lateral spinothalamic tract
light touch and pressure: anterior spinothalamic tract
discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception: posterior white column

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12
Q

Efferent

A

descending pathway that takes motor info from CNS to PNS

motor info exits through the ventral horn (anterior) of spinal cord

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13
Q

Descending tracts

A

pyramidal tracts: voluntary movement, fine motor; begins in the pre central gyrus (motor area);

Extrapyramidal tracts: reflexes, postural control, complex movements

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14
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)
Facial nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)

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15
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) function - parasympathetic

A

narrows pupils and focuses lens

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16
Q

Facial nerve (VII) function - parasympathetic

A

tear, nasal, and salivary glands

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17
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) function - parasympathetic

A

parotid salivary gland

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18
Q

Vagus nerve (X) function - parasympathetic

A

cardiac (decreased HR)
pulmonary (bronchoconstriction)
GI: up to proximal 1/2 of colon – increases motility

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19
Q

Sacral nerves & function - parasympathetic

A

S2-S4

bladder, distal colon, genitals

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20
Q

The sympathetic system is directed primarily by

A

the limbic system and hypothalamus

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21
Q

T1-4/5 ascend up chain ganglia (sympathetic) to innervate eye for

A

dilation
decrease salivation

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22
Q

Sympathetic system function

A

increased HR
increased contractility
increased cardiac output
increased BP

direct effect on adrenal gland to release episodes and NE into system –> widespread vasoconstriction –> increase BP

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23
Q

Excitation in neurotransmission

A

opening Na+ channels
closing K+ channels

leads to depolarization –> postsynaptic neuron stimulated

24
Q

Inhibition in neurotransmission

A

closing Na+
opening K+

leads to hyperpolarization –> postsynaptic neuron not stimulated

25
Q

Excitatory NT function

A

stimulate action potential of the post synaptic neuron

increase permeability of post-synaptic membrane allowing Na+ ions to diffuse into postsynaptic neuron –> depolarization and generation of action potential

26
Q

Excitatory NT and neuropeptides

A

Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Nitric oxide
Substance P (associated w pain pathway)

27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

mostly excitatory (few parasympathetic inhibition functions)
active in skeletal muscle contractions
part of autonomic nervous system synapses

28
Q

Glutamate

A

most common excitatory transmitter in CNS

29
Q

Inhibitory NT function

A

NT binds to receptor causing opening of K+ or Cl- channels –> membrane potential decreases (hyper polarization of membrane) –> neuron is now insensitive to stimulus and depolarization

30
Q

Inhibitory NT and neuropeptides

A

dopamine
GABA
serotonin
glycine

31
Q

Dopamine

A

originates mostly in substantial nigra; generally inhibitory

32
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory in the brain, some in spinal cord
mostly local effects

33
Q

Glycine

A

mostly local effects of inhibition in spinal cord

34
Q

Acetylcholine – excitatory plus inhibitory

A

peripheral parasympathetic inhibition of heart via vagus nerve

35
Q

Norepinephrine —–

A

excitatory plus inhibitory

36
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

most abundant cells of nervous system
surround neuron cell bodies
provide metabolic and structural support
maintain environment that allows neurons to function
form myelin
regulate clearance of NT from synaptic space

37
Q

Types of neuroglial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendroglia
ependymal cells
microglia

38
Q

Astrocytes

A

help regulate movement of metabolites and waste into/out of neurons (control blood flow and regulate permeability of blood/brain barrier)
control ionic concentration extracellularly (CSF)
maintain microenvironment in CNS
highest amount of all types of neuroglial cells

39
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

provide myelination for multiple axons in CNS

40
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Cell lining in brain ventricles
Form blood-CSF barrier and blood-retina barrier

41
Q

Microglia

A

brain macrophages
immune support
phagocytosis

42
Q

Spinothalamic tract decussation

A

at level of the spinal column

43
Q

Dorsal column decussation

A

decussates at level of lower medulla

44
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

pyramidal tract
efferent tract from cortex to limbs and trunk
comprised of lateral and anterior tract

45
Q

Lateral tract (corticospinal)

A

decussates in medulla
85-90% of fibers
controls digits and limbs

46
Q

Anterior tract (corticospinal)

A

remains ipsilateral until it reaches its intended spinal level and decussates at that level in the spinal cord
controls trunk, neck, shoulders

47
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

efferent pathway from cortex to medulla
control CN V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
indirect control of CN III, IV, VI through MLF
has upper motor neuron that generally synapses bilaterally

48
Q

Corticobulbar tract exception to bilateral innervation

A

VII nuclei (facial) is split into upper and lower

upper - bilateral innervation
lower - only contralateral innervation

STROKE = only lower bc contralateral innervation
BELL’S PALSY = upper and lower

49
Q

Hyperreflexic could indicate

A

upper motor neuron lesion

50
Q

Hyporeflexic coud indicate

A

lower motor neuron lesion

51
Q

Baroreflex

A

stretch receptors in carotid sinus and aorta
respond to smooth muscle fiber changes
increased pressure = increased AP
signal to medulla to cardiac control center

52
Q

Baroreflex function

A

decrease sympathetic discharge (decrease cardiac contractility, decrease HR, increase arteriolar and venous dilation)

increase parasympathetic discharge (decrease HR)

net effect = decreased BP

53
Q

Dysfunction of baroreflex

A

can cause postural hypotension

54
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts begin

A

pre central gyrus (motor area)

55
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

Corticospinal (cortex to spine)
Corticobulbar

56
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

movements of limbs and trunk

57
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

movement of non-oculomotor cranial nerves

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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