Respiratory pharmacology Flashcards
Name the two main groups of asthma medication.
Bronchodilators & Anti-inflammatory drugs.
Name 3 groups of bronchodilators.
Beta-2 agonist, anticholinergics & theophylline.
Name 4 groups anti-inflammatory drugs.
Steroids, leukotriene antagonist, Anti-IgE & sodium chromoglicate.
Name the side effects of Beta2-agonist.
Tachycardia, headache, muscle tremor, blood glucose increase and cardiac arrhythmias.
Name two short-acting Beta2-agonist.
Salbutamol & terbutaline.
Name two long-acting Beta2-agonist.
Salmeterol & formoterol.
What is the mechanism of action of Theophylline?
It inhibits phosphodiesterase, leading to increase in intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP and it is a competitive antagonist of adenosine A1- and A2-receptors –> contribute to bronchodilatation.
What are the side effects of theophylline?
Insomnia, palpitation, tremors, increased urine output, vomiting, anorexia, arrhythmias and seizures.
What is the mechanism of action of corticosteriods?
Inhibits formation of inflammatory mediators, reduces recruitment of leucocytes, does not prevent histamine release. Prevent the progression of pathological change in asthma.
Name 4 corticosteroid drugs for asthma.
Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Fluticasone and Mometasone.
Name a leucotriene receptor antagonist for asthma.
Montelukast
Name an anti-IgE drug against asthma.
Omalizumab
What is the mechanism of action of sodium cromoglicate?
Stabilizes the mast cells - the release of histamine and other mediators. Inhibits release of mediators from C fibers.
Name 2 mucolytic drugs.
Bromhexine/ambrosol & acetylcysteine
Name 4 expectorant.
Sodium citrate or acetate, potassium iodide, guaiacol and ammonium salts.
Name 3 opioid antitussives.
Codein, Pholcodeine and ethylmorphine.
Name 3 nonopioid antitussives.
Noscapine, dextromethorphan and oxeladin.
What causes the early phase of asthma?
An allergen or non-specific stimulus activates mast cells to release histamine, prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene B4, which in turn induces bronchoconstriction. Mononuclear cells release IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, macrophages inflammatory protein-1 alpha and TNF.
What causes the late phase of asthma?
A massive inflammatory reaction with severe mucosal thickening/eodema and mucus production. Dendritic cells activateTh2 cells, and Th2 activate eosinophils that release cysteinyl leukotrienes, IL-3, Il-5, IL-8 and toxic proteins that damage the mucosa. The exposed nerve ending contribute to the hyperactivity.
What are the advantage of inhaling asthma drugs?
Rapid effect, less side effects, poor per oral bioavailability and hepatic first passage metabolism.
What is the mechanism of action of Beta2-agonists?
Induces an increase in cAMP and reduction of intracellular calcium in bronchial smooth muscle cells resulting in relaxation.
What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergic drug?
Inhibit m3 receptors and effect the mucus secretion and mucociliary clearance.
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonist?
Inhibits leukotriene receptor-1, which has an anti-inflammatory effect and also some bronchodilators effect.
Which drugs can trigger an asthma attack?
Aspirin, beta blockers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, ACE-inhibitors.
With drug can be used to treat COPD?
Roflumilast
What is the mechanism of cough?
Stimulation of mechanical-or chemoreceptors –> afferent impulses to cough center –> efferent impulses via parasympathetic & motor nerves to diaphragm, intercostal muscle & lungs –> increased contraction of diagrammatic abdominal & intercostal muscles.
What is the mechanism of action of mucolytics?
Break the disulphide bridges between glycoprotein molecules in the mucus.
Which drugs are used to treat Rhinitis?
Anti-histaminic H1 blockers.
What are the side effects of anti-histaminic H1 blockers?
Drowsiness, mental confusion, sedation, dry mouth, anorexia, epigastric distress, hypotension, tachycardia, urinary retention, dysthymia.
Which drug is used to treat nasal congestion?
Alpha -agonist –> Nezeril, otrivin, xylometazoline.
