Respiratory Pathophys

Question 1

what is atelectasis? what breath sounds would you expect for atelectasis?

Answer 1

*atelectasis is the incomplete expansion of the lungs (shallow breathing) which leads to reduced gas exchange,
*diminished breath sounds
*eti: possibly a mucus plug, tumor mass, immobility, post abdominal surgery, anesthesia
*clinical manif: tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, diminished chest expansion

Question 2

how would the body respond to chronic hypercapnia

Answer 2

1) the drive to breath may begin to be more focused on oxygen level
2) polycythemia – the body may develop more RBCs

Question 3

what can cause perfusion without ventilation?

Answer 3

anything that affects the air getting in
ex) collapsed lung, bronchoconstriction, atelectasis etc

Question 4

what can cause ventilation but not perfusion?

Answer 4

blood flow is not happening adequately
ex) pulmonary embolism,

Question 5

what complication can occur with aspiration?

Answer 5

Aspiration Pneumonia,
etiology: trouble clearing the lungs due to diminished gag or cough or decreases LOC
patho: failure to remove excess particles from the cilia so that it can be swallowed

Question 6

what is the most frequent cause of respiratory infections?

Answer 6

viruses

Question 7

can influenza affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts?

Answer 7

yes, will often start upper and move down lower
when it moves low, it can also cause PNA or other bacterial infection
the virus breaks down the hosts protective barrier

Question 8

upper respiratory tract

Answer 8

nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 9

do people with latent TB infection feel sick and have symptoms?

Answer 9

no they dont. Active TB is when they have clinical presentation of symptoms

Question 10

What causes bronchitis?

Answer 10

viral is most common

Question 11

explain acute bronchitis

Answer 11

start similar to upper respi, then persistent cough (10-20 days) and potential wheezing
patho: inflammation and mucus in the bronchi and bronchioles due to an infection

Question 12

PNA (pneumonia)

Answer 12

infection by bacteria or virus
two types: hospital acquired and community acquired
HAP: infection 48 hrs after admission or while in hospital (more severe)

Question 13

How can we diagnose chronic bronchitis?

Answer 13

chronic productive cough for 3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years
chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD

Question 14

asthma

Answer 14

obstructive disease due to bronchial hyper-responsiveness, airway inflammation
*can be reversed

Question 15

COPD

Answer 15

defined as either chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema
restrictive disease due to bronchial hyper-responsiveness, over distention of alveoli
*can’t be reversed

Question 16

what is the greatest risk factor of emphysema?

Answer 16

smoking is the greatest risk factor for this and it involves over-distension of alveoli
*emphysema is a type of COPD

Question 17

what can obstructive sleep apnea lead to?

Answer 17

leads to pulmonary hypertension, which can lead to right sided heart failure (Cor Pulmonale), and polycythemia

Question 18

what is cor pulmonale?

Answer 18

in latin means “pulmonary heart”, pulmonary hypertension, right sided heart failure
right ventricle is enlarged and doesn’t pump as effectively

Question 19

what does pleural effusion include?

Answer 19

fluid in the pleural space
pleura means rib in latin
fluid doesn’t expand very well

Question 20

open pneumothorax vs tension pneumothorax

Answer 20

open : air can go in and out
tension : air goes in, but it doesn’t go out
the air pushes against the lung, and if bad enough, then it pushes against the heart

Question 21

pulmonary edema vs pulmonary effusion?

Answer 21

both are fluid related
edema is fluid in the alveoli of the lung and effusion is fluid in the pleural space

Question 22

what pulmonary disorder is associated with chest pain, dyspena, and increased respiratory rate?

Answer 22

pulmonary embolism
- thrombi are often found around central venous catheters
Deep vein thrombosis

Question 23

what is the relationship between pulmonary hypertension and the heart (both sides)?

Answer 23

pulmonary HTN can be caused by left sided heart failure and pulmonary HTN can cause right sided heart failure
L-hf -> pul HTN -> R-hf

Question 24

what can be caused pulmonary hypertension

Answer 24

1) pulmonary arterial hypertension
2) PH due to left heart disease, venous hypertension
3) PH due to chronic lung disease and or hypoxemia

characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure