Patient Assessment Exam 2 vocab Flashcards
what does the central nervous system include?
the brain and the spinal cord
what does the peripheral nervous system include?
(everything outside of the brain and spinal cord) the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves; contains the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system
postcentral gyrus
located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, it is the primary sensory area (touch, pressure, temperature, pain); somatosensory cortex
precentral gyrus
located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe; it is the primary motor area (voluntary movement); primary motor cortex
anterolateral (spinothalamic) tract
contains the sensory fibers that transmit sensations of pain, temperature, and touch
dorsal column (posterior) tract
contains sensory fibers that transmit sensations of position (proprioception), 2 points discrimination, light touch, vibration, stereognosis, graphesthesia
lower motor neurons
motor fibers located mostly in the peripheral nervous system; from the anterior horn the fiber extends to the muscle. LMN are the final common pathway
autonomic nervous system
(part of the peripheral nervous system)
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
controls involuntary bodily functions (blood pressure, digestion, heart rate) and regulates gland
somatic nervous system
(part of the peripheral nervous system) controls muscle movement and relays information from the ears, eyes, and skin to the central nervous system
upper motor neurons
motor fibers located completely within the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord)
Dermatomes
area of skin that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve; think rainbow map of body; ex- tingling in the down the right arm might involve C6-C8 dermatomes
clonus
rapid rhythmic contraction of muscle groups in response to rapid stretch of muscle; spasms
ataxia
uncoordinated or unsteady gait
dysmetria
clumsy movement
hyperreflexia
exaggerated reflex
hyporeflexia
diminished reflex
flexion
bending a limb at a joint
extension
straightening of a limb at a join
abduction
movement of a limb away from midline
adduction
movement of a limb towards the central axis of the body
c
circumduction
circular pattern joint movement
crepitation
cracking or grating sound due to irregularities on joint surfaces
muscle tone vs muscle mass
tone is the tension in resting muscle, mass in the size of the muscle
normocephalic
round symmetric skull that is appropriately related to body size
microcephaly
abnormally small head size
macrocephally
abnormally large head size
goiter
inflammation of the thyroid gland
alopecia
hair loss
lymphadenopathy
enlargement of the lymph nodes
how do you test accommodation?
accommodation is the adaption of the eye for near vision; you test by having the pt focus on your finger as it slowly moves closer to their nose. The pupils should constrict as the finger gets closer
convergence
allows for single binocular vision b/c of the six cardinal fields of gaze
refraction
bending of light rays from one transparent medium to another
hyperopia
far-sighted
myopia
near-sighted
presbyopia
the inability of the lens to accommodate for near vision. a normal part of aging. age related farsightedness
ptosis
drooping upper eye lid
lid lag
forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissure
anisocoria
unequal pupil size
miotic
small pupils
mydriatic
enlarged pupils
exopthalmous
potruding eyes
nystagmus
fine, oscillating movement of the ye
strabismus
disparity of the eye exes due to extra ocular eye muscle dysfunction; causes inward or outward turning of the eyes; also known as crossed eyes
conjugate gaze
parallel movement of the eyes
tinnitus
perception of sound without an external source; ringing in the ears
