Pathphys Cancer Flashcards
apoptosis
cell death. (normal and programmed)
tumor suppression genes
acts as breaks to slow down cell division and repair
mutated protooncogenes
the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as
angiogenesis
risks for breast cancer
BRCA1 and 2 defective tumor suppressor genes, family hx, women with no pregnancies, ETOH abuse
tumor markers for lung cancer
CA 125, CEA
tumor marker for breast cancer
CA125, CEA, HER2
tumor markers for prostate cancer
PSA
tumor markers for ovaric cancer
CA125, CEA
why would jaundice be a marker of pancreatic cancer?
because of anatomy, it can block the flow of bilirubin
Lung cancer metastasizes in the
Bones and brain
Liver and adrenal gland’s
Colon cancer metastasizes in the
Liver
Breast cancer metastasizes in the
Bone brain liver lung
Prostate cancer metastasizes in the
Vertebrae
Melanoma metastasis in the
Brain
What is the diffrence between the grading system (1-3) and the TNM system?
Grade 1- cells are well-differentiated
Grade 3 - poorly differentiated
—-
T-tumor size
N-lymph node envolvment
M- metastasis
What would
TisN0M1 mean?
Carcinoma in situ (localized)
No nodal envolment
Distant metastasis present
Is stage 0/carcinoma in situ cancer?
Not cancer, but may become cancer
Abnormal cells are present but have not spread
What are the two groups of lung cancer and what are they associated with?
Small cell—> cigarette smoke
Non-Small Cell —> more common lung cancer (80%) slow growing and spreading
Small Cell Carcinoma
-rapid growth and early metastasis
-poorest prognosis (10%)
-small oval cells that grow in clusters out of the bronchus
Squamous Cell (NSCLC)
-Grows slowly
-Found in center of lung near bronchus
-can detect in sputum
-paraneoplastic syndrome is hypercalcemia
Adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)
-in the periphery (alveoli)
-more common in women
-metastasizes early
-usually large at the time of diagnosis
-most common
Large Cell Carcinoma (NSCLC)
-any part of the lung
-poorly differentiated
-difficult to categorize
-tends to grow and spread faster than the other NSCLCs
