Pathophys Exam 2 Part 2

Question 1

Whats the difference between hemophelia and thrombocytopenia?

Answer 1

These are both bleeding disorders
In hemophilia, we are deficient in a clotting factor
(Hemo A def in 8, hemo B def in 9)
Whereas in thrombocytopenia you have decreased platelets
B/c these are both bleeding disorders they present similarly (purpura, epitaxis, bloody gums)

Question 2

IgA

Answer 2

mainly found in secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk, GI fluid)

Question 3

IgE

Answer 3

rises to high levels during allergic reactions

Question 4

IgD

Answer 4

binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions, (comprises only 1% of immunoglobulins)

Question 5

IgM

Answer 5

responds first to infection. Elevated levels may indicate a recent or current infection

Question 6

IgG

Answer 6

is a secondary responder, which means that levels rise after a second exposure to an antigen. indicates exposure and immune competence to a particular antigen

Question 7

low RBC, low MCV, low MCHC, low Hemoglobin, low Hematocrit, normal platelets

Answer 7

iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic)

Question 8

low RBCs, normal MCV, normal MCHC, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, normal platelets

Answer 8

normocytic normochromic anemia is likely due to hemorrhage

Question 9

low RBCs, low Hemoglobin, low hematocrit, normal platelets

Answer 9

anemia

Question 10

normal RBC, normal hemoglobin, normal hematocrit, low platelets, being treated with heparin

Answer 10

heparin induced thrombocytopenia

Question 11

low RBCs, high MCV, normal MCHC, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit

Answer 11

macrocytic anemias, could be B12 deficiency or folic acid deficiency

Question 12

what could an increase in lymphocytes indicate?

Answer 12

leukemia

Question 13

what could a decrease in lymphocytes indicate? at what number is this severe?

Answer 13

worry about neutropenia at less than 500 cell/mm
leukopenia leads to increased susceptibility to infection

Question 14

explain how someone is clotting in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) despite having thrombocytopenia

Answer 14

over-activating the clotting cascade making unnecessary clots

Question 15

How is TTP different from DIC?

Answer 15

TTP is a combo of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia: the RBCs are being destroyed faster than they are being created. The person has trouble clotting because they are deficient in the ADAMTS 13 enzyme

Question 16

RBC range

Answer 16

male: 4.5-5.5 x106uL. female: 4.0-4.9 x 106uL. an adult body has approx 4.5-5.5L of blood, roughly males amoutn

Question 17

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Answer 17

mass of RBC 27-32 pg

Question 18

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 18

color! due to concentration of HgB 32-36g/dL or 32-36%

Question 19

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 19

size of RBC 80-100 fl – think MVC going 80-100mph

Question 20

hemoglobin

Answer 20

males 13-18 g/dL, females 12-16 g/dl.
think of the oxygen hemoglobin carries and respiratory rate
RR+=12-18 breaths per minute

Question 21

hematocrit

Answer 21

male 45-52%, female 37-48%
think hematoCRISIS, and a mid life crisis usually occurs between 37-52 years old

Question 22

WBCs

Answer 22

males/females 4.1-10.9 x 103
Wanna Buy a Car for 4-10k?

Question 23

Platelets

Answer 23

150,000-400,000
(150-400) platelets-> plate
a fine china plate set could cost $150-400

Question 24

what is multiple myeloma and how is it diagnosed?

Answer 24

proliferation of abnormal plasma cells,
think CRABI- hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone pain, infection

Question 25

which hematological cancers are associated with the Philadelphia chromosome defect?

Answer 25

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Question 26

what are the two types of polycythemia and at what hematocrit level to we see this?

Answer 26

polycythemia is the opposite of anemia (an overabundance of RBCs)
primary polycythemia is a hyper-proliferation of all blood cells – the blood becomes viscous
secondary polycythemia is more common and is a hyper-proliferation of RBC in response to a chronic blood hypoxia (like COPD) hematocrit level less than 47%

Question 27

what is sickle cell disease and what does it lead to?

Answer 27

inherited recessive disorder, abnormal hemoglobin, leads to chronic hemolytic anemia

Question 28

how many teeth does a normal adult have? how many teeth does a normal 3 year old child have?

Answer 28

32, 20 (Adult teeth start replacing primary teeth by 6 to 7 years of age.)

Question 29

at what age to teeth begin to emerge in children?

Answer 29

6-15 months