Pathophys Exam 2 Part 2 Flashcards
Whats the difference between hemophelia and thrombocytopenia?
These are both bleeding disorders
In hemophilia, we are deficient in a clotting factor
(Hemo A def in 8, hemo B def in 9)
Whereas in thrombocytopenia you have decreased platelets
B/c these are both bleeding disorders they present similarly (purpura, epitaxis, bloody gums)
IgA
mainly found in secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk, GI fluid)
IgE
rises to high levels during allergic reactions
IgD
binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions, (comprises only 1% of immunoglobulins)
IgM
responds first to infection. Elevated levels may indicate a recent or current infection
IgG
is a secondary responder, which means that levels rise after a second exposure to an antigen. indicates exposure and immune competence to a particular antigen
low RBC, low MCV, low MCHC, low Hemoglobin, low Hematocrit, normal platelets
iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic)
low RBCs, normal MCV, normal MCHC, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, normal platelets
normocytic normochromic anemia is likely due to hemorrhage
low RBCs, low Hemoglobin, low hematocrit, normal platelets
anemia
normal RBC, normal hemoglobin, normal hematocrit, low platelets, being treated with heparin
heparin induced thrombocytopenia
low RBCs, high MCV, normal MCHC, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit
macrocytic anemias, could be B12 deficiency or folic acid deficiency
what could an increase in lymphocytes indicate?
leukemia
what could a decrease in lymphocytes indicate? at what number is this severe?
worry about neutropenia at less than 500 cell/mm
leukopenia leads to increased susceptibility to infection
explain how someone is clotting in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) despite having thrombocytopenia
over-activating the clotting cascade making unnecessary clots
How is TTP different from DIC?
TTP is a combo of hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia: the RBCs are being destroyed faster than they are being created. The person has trouble clotting because they are deficient in the ADAMTS 13 enzyme
RBC range
male: 4.5-5.5 x106uL. female: 4.0-4.9 x 106uL. an adult body has approx 4.5-5.5L of blood, roughly males amoutn
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
mass of RBC 27-32 pg
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
color! due to concentration of HgB 32-36g/dL or 32-36%
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
size of RBC 80-100 fl – think MVC going 80-100mph
hemoglobin
males 13-18 g/dL, females 12-16 g/dl.
think of the oxygen hemoglobin carries and respiratory rate
RR+=12-18 breaths per minute
hematocrit
male 45-52%, female 37-48%
think hematoCRISIS, and a mid life crisis usually occurs between 37-52 years old
WBCs
males/females 4.1-10.9 x 103
Wanna Buy a Car for 4-10k?
Platelets
150,000-400,000
(150-400) platelets-> plate
a fine china plate set could cost $150-400
what is multiple myeloma and how is it diagnosed?
proliferation of abnormal plasma cells,
think CRABI- hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, bone pain, infection
which hematological cancers are associated with the Philadelphia chromosome defect?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
what are the two types of polycythemia and at what hematocrit level to we see this?
polycythemia is the opposite of anemia (an overabundance of RBCs)
primary polycythemia is a hyper-proliferation of all blood cells – the blood becomes viscous
secondary polycythemia is more common and is a hyper-proliferation of RBC in response to a chronic blood hypoxia (like COPD) hematocrit level less than 47%
what is sickle cell disease and what does it lead to?
inherited recessive disorder, abnormal hemoglobin, leads to chronic hemolytic anemia
how many teeth does a normal adult have? how many teeth does a normal 3 year old child have?
32, 20 (Adult teeth start replacing primary teeth by 6 to 7 years of age.)
at what age to teeth begin to emerge in children?
6-15 months
