endoncrine patho

Question 1

type 1 DM is related to destruction of the pancreas alpha cells that produce insulin

Answer 1

False –> it is the beta cells that secrete insulin

Question 2

what do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 2

glucagon, which makes the liver release glucose into the blood

Question 3

what does insulin do?

Answer 3

fat cells take in glucose from the blood .. transporter

Question 4

fatigue or weakness in hyperglycemia is caused by the lack of glucose going into body cells?

Answer 4

true

Question 5

who has the highest risk for Type 2 DM
A) an obese 12 yr old with normal labs
B) a thin 35 yr old with high HDL level
C) an overweight 55 r old male with HTN and high LDL

Answer 5

overweight 55yr olf with HTN and high LDL

Question 6

a client with diabetes mellitus arrives at the hospital with a blood glucose level of 639 mg/dl. What assessment data would suggest type 2 diabetes mellitus rather than than 1?

Answer 6

negative for ketones in the urine

Question 7

a person with type 1 diabetes is experiencing sweating tremors and just feeling uncoordinated. The cause may be:
Hypoglycemia from too much insulin
Hypoglycemia from increased activity
both a and b

Answer 7

both a and b

Question 8

when you exercise, do you need more or less insulin?

Answer 8

less insulin , because the insulin is having more of an effect

Question 9

a patient with a history of long term well controlled DM may have
_____ due to macrovascular
_____ due to microvascular

Answer 9

cardio and peripheral vascular disease due to macrovascular complications
nephropathy and retinopathy due to microvascular issues

Question 10

where does a primary disorder originate from?

Answer 10

the endocrine gland

Question 11

where does a secondary disorder originate from?

Answer 11

the pituitary

Question 12

where does a tertiary disorder originate from?

Answer 12

the hypothalamus

Question 12

Graves disease (primary hyperthyroidism)
TRH:
TSH
TH (T3/(T4)

Answer 12

TRH: decrease
TSH: Decrease
TH (T3/T4): increased

Question 13

Pituitary Adenoma (secondary hyperthyroidism)
TRH
TSH
TH (T3/T4)

Answer 13

dont worry about TRH
TSH: increased
TH (T3/T4): increased

Question 14

Hypothyroidism (primary)
TRH
TSH
TH

Answer 14

TRH: incrased
TSH: incraeased
TH (T3/T4) : decreased

Question 15

Hypothyroidism lesion on hypothalamus (tertiary)

Answer 15

TRH: decreased
TSH: decreased
TH (T3/T4) : decreased

Question 16

Hypothyroidism lesion on the pituitary (secondary)

Answer 16

TRH: normal or increased
TSH: decreased
TH (t3/T4) : decreased

Question 17

Which resident of a long-term facility might likely have Hashimotos Disease?
A) an 80yr old woman who has been uncharacteristically gaining weight, feeling cold, and increased in TSH

Answer 17

A) an 80yr old woman who has been uncharacteristically gaining weight, feeling cold, and increased in TSH

Question 18

a pt with hypothyroidism admitted indicated she is “freezing”: BP is 80/45. What condition might she be experiencing?
A) thyrotoxic crisis
B) Myxedema Coma

Answer 18

B) Myxedema Coma
life threatening end stage expression of hypothyroidism
manifestations are: Coma, hypothermia, cardiovascular collapse, hypoventilation, hyponatremia, lactic acidosis, risk for SIADH
more frequent in winter months

Question 19

What is the most common cause of Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

graves disease– autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
low TSH, high T3/T4

Question 20

a pt with bronzed skin, weakness, hypotension, and fatigue has labs checked and shows hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, and elevated ACTH
What might his condition be and why are the lab values the way they are?

Answer 20

elevated ACTH: when you have too low cortisol, the pituitary puts out more ACTH, which causes melanocytes to produce more melanin
elevated ACTH causes melanocytes to produce more
hyperkalemia –> more aldosterone
hypoglycemia –> more aldosterone

Question 21

Whats the difference between Cushings Syndrome and Cushings Disease?

Answer 21

Syndrome: anything that causes too much cortisol in the body
Disease: is the pituitary caused form of Cushings Syndrome (excessive ACTH production due to pituitary tumor)

Question 22

HPA axis

Answer 22

hypothalamus puts our CRH –>
Anterior Pituitary puts our ACTH –>
Adrenal Cortex puts out cortisol –> neg feedback

Question 23

what is the difference between Gigantism and Acromegaly?

Answer 23

both are increased growth hormone
in children giganstism is the overgrowth of long bones due to increased activity of the epiphyseal plates

in adults there ___—-??

Question 24

T/F: Hypopituitarism can result in low thyroid, growth hormone, antidiuretic and cortisol levels

Answer 24

true