Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biological and medical sciences 2 > respiratory medicine > Flashcards

respiratory medicine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

inhalers are absorbed by which drug administration route?

A

topically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which 2 drugs may be used to improve airway patency?

A

bronchodilators

any-inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give 2 examples of bronchodilators

A

beta 2 agonists

anticholinergics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which 2 drugs may be given to prevent mast cell degradation?

A

chromoglycate

leukotriene receptor agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name 2 respiratory depressants

A

benzodiazepine

opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the main problem with a puffer?

A

high velocity suspension so not all medication makes it to the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which two other devices may be used instead of a puffer to ensure more drug reaches the lungs?

A

turbohaler

spinhaler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the benefit of using a spacer with an inhaler?

A

makes it easier to get straight to the lugs as lower velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which device may be used to deliver medication to a patients having an asthma attack or unable to use their inhaler?

A

nebuliser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

beta agonists can be categorised into 2 groups, what are these?

A

short acting and long acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what colour of inhaler contains short acting beta antagonist?

A

blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name a short acting beta agonists

A

salbutamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what colour of inhaler contains a long acting beta agonist?

A

green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name a long acting beta agonist

A

salmeterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do beta agonists aid breathing?

A

they dilate the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compare short acting and long acting beta agonists

A

short (blue) - works a couple mins and effects last 4-6 hours
long (green) - works in an hour and effects last 12-15 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which type of beta agonist is used to TREAT bronchial constriction?

A

short acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which type of beta agonist is used to PREVENT bronchial construction?

A

long acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how may short acting beta agonists be administered?

A

inhaled
iv
orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how may long acting beta agonists be administered?

A

inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anticholinergics inhibit which receptors?

A

muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do anticholinergics aid breathing?

A

cause bronchial dilation

reduce mucus secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do corticosteroids aid breathing?

A

reduce inflammation in bronchial walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

most asthmatics take two different types of inhaler, what are these?

A

beta agonist and corticosteroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what colours may corticosteroid inhalers be?

A

brown
orange
pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is a patient is using a orange or pink inhaler do they have mild or severe asthma?

A

severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

do patients using blue and brown inhalers have mild or severe asthma?

A

mild

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

asthmatics that can’t be trusted to take both inhalers are given compound preparations, what do these contain?

A

inhaled steroid and long acting beta agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does chromocglycate stop asthma?

A

it is a mast cell stabiliser

mast cell degranulation causes asthma and chromoglycate stops it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what 2 types of cough are there?

A

dry and productive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

compare a dry cough and a productive cough

A

dry - doesn’t produce anything

productive - produces something (sputum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a wheeze?

A

an expiratory noise on breathing out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a stridor?

A

inspiratory noise on breathing in (indicative of blockage to airway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stress when breathing or uncomfortable breathing is known as?

A

dyspnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

name some respiratory symptoms?

A 
cough
wheeze
stridor
dyspnoea
pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

name some respiratory signs

A 
chest movement with respiration
rate of respiration 
air entry
vocal resonance 
percussion note
37
Q

what respiratory examination scan you carry out?

A 
sputum examination
CXR - chest radiograph
pulmonary fucntnion - PEFR, FEV1
bronchoscopy
VQ scan
38
Q

name a respiratory infection?

A

pneumonia

39
Q

name some respiratory diseases which result in airflow obstruction

A

asthma
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
restrictive pulmonary exchange

40
Q

which is more destructive, asthma or COPD?

A

COPD

41
Q

is asthma reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

42
Q

asthma results in a triad of ..

A
  • muscle constriction
  • mucosal oedema
  • increased mucous secretion
43
Q

how fast you can push air out your lungs is known as?

A

peak flow

44
Q

what may trigger asthma ?

A

infection
environmental stimuli (smoke, dust, chemical)
cold air
atopy

45
Q

describe what is meant by the biphasic asthma response?

A

if u survive early asthma attack and get better, 6hrs later you get worse

46
Q

how do you prevent the biphasic response to an asthma attack?

A

give beta agonists and corticosteroids to prevent 2nd attack

47
Q

name 6 types of respiratory drug

A 
beta adrenergic agonist
anticholinergics
corticosteroids
leukotriene inhibitors
cromones
theophylline
48
Q

anticholinergics work well for which respiratory condition?

A

COPD

49
Q

which drug is in blue/green inhalers?

A

beta-adrenergic agonist

50
Q

when are theophyllines used?

A

sever asthma

51
Q

what drug is in brown inhalers?

A

corticosteroids

52
Q

which colour inhaler is completely preventative?

A

brown

53
Q

COPD includes which 2 conditions?

A 
chronic bronchitis (long term inflammation of airway)
emphysema (damage to air sacs/alveoli)
54
Q

which classification system is used for COPD nd how many classes are there?

A

GOLD - 4 classes

55
Q

what may cause COPD?

A

smoking
environmental lung damage
hereditary (emphysema)

56
Q

how is COPD managed?

A 
smoking cessation
long acting bronchodilators
inhaled steroid
O2 support
pulmonary rehab therapy
57
Q

what serious condition may COPD result in ?

A

repertory failure

58
Q

compare type 1 and 2 respiratory failure

A

type 1 - low O2 and normal CO2 (hypoxaemia)

type 2 - normal O2 and high CO2 (hypercapnia)

59
Q

failure of oxygenation is known as?

A

hypoxaemia

60
Q

failure of ventilation is known as?

A

hypercapnia

61
Q

which is only found in acute respiratory failure, hypoxaemia or hypercapnia?

A

hypercapnia

62
Q

inhaled steroids have what oral consequence ?

A

candida risk

63
Q

cystic fibrosis is caused by a change in the gene x on chromosome y

A 
x = CFTR gene
y = chromosome 7
64
Q

is the cystic fibrosis gene dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

65
Q

cystic fibrosis causes a defect in which cell channel?

A

chloride channels

66
Q

CF is a multisystem disease, which 2 organs are affected mostly?

A

lungs and pancreas

67
Q

how is CF tested for?

A

perinatal testing - all children blood screened at birth

sweat test - CF patients have increased salt

68
Q

list the main symptoms of CF

A

cough
repeated chest infection
prolonged diarrhoea
poor weight gain

69
Q

why do CF patients have poor nutrition?

A

they can’t digest fat and absorb energy as there are no pancreatic enzymes to do it

70
Q

what treatment options are there for CF?

A

physio
medication
excercise
transplantation

71
Q

physio is the main treatment for CF patients, how does this work?

A

movement means mucous can drain into the big airways where it can be coughed up

72
Q

CF patients take medicine for lungs and digestive system, name these?

A 
lungs
- broncholdilators
- antibiotics
-  steroids
- dnase
digestive system
- pancreatic enzyme replacement
nutritional supplements
73
Q

how do bronchodilators aid CF?

A

open airway

74
Q

why do CF patients take antibiotics?

A

reduce chest infection frequency

75
Q

why do CF patients take steroids?

A

reduce airway inflammation

76
Q

why do CF patients take dnase?

A

breakdown mucous

77
Q

what is the benefit of CF patients exercising?

A

keep lung function optimal

build physical bulk and strength

78
Q

what 2 organs do CF patients have transplanted?

A

heart and lungs

79
Q

why do CF patients having transplants also get a heart transplant?

A

to increase chance of acceptance

80
Q

name the most common type of lung tumour

A

squamous cell carcinoma

81
Q

name the symptoms of a lung tumour

A

cough
haemophysis (blood stained sputum)
pneumonia
dysphagia

82
Q

a white area i a chest x-ray indicates what

A

fluid in lungs

83
Q

do patients with lung cancer usually present early or late?

A

late

84
Q

airway obstruction whilst asleep is know as?

A

sleep apnoea

85
Q

the type of sleep apnoea where the brain doesn’t tell the body to breath is know as?

A

central sleep apnoea

86
Q

the type of sleep apnoea where the airway gets blocked when you sleep is known as ?

A

obstructive sleep apnoea

87
Q

which of the 2 types of sleep apnoea is most common?

A

obstructive

88
Q

what is the leading therapy for sleep apnoea?

A

CPAP (continious positive airway pressure)

89
Q

name the mouth device used for sleep apnoea

A

MAD (mandibular advancement device)

biological and medical sciences 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions