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biological and medical sciences 2 > oral functions > Flashcards

oral functions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

where does the masseter originate?

A

zygomatic arch

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2
Q

where does the masseter insert?

A

lateral surface of and angle of the mandible

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3
Q

what is the action of the masseter?

A

elevates mandible

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4
Q

which muscle of mastication is tender in patients with clenching habit ?

A

masseter

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5
Q

how do you test the masseter?

A

place 1 finger intra orally and the other on the cheek

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6
Q

where does the temporalis originate?

A

floor of temporal fossa

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7
Q

where does the temporalis insert?

A

coronoid process of mandible

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8
Q

what is the action of the temporalis?

A

elevates and retracts the mandible

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9
Q

which muscle mastication is tender in patients with bruxism?

A

temporalis

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10
Q

how do you test the temporalis?

A

palpate origin by asking patient to clench teeth

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11
Q

what is the origin of the lateral pterygoid?

A

lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

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12
Q

what is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid?

A

anterior border of condole

intra articular disc

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13
Q

what is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

protrude the mandible and depress mandible

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14
Q

what is the origin of the medial pterygoid?

A

deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate

superficial head- tuberosity of maxilla

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15
Q

what is the insertion of the medial pterygid?

A

medial surface of angle of mandible

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16
Q

what is the action of the medial pterygoid?

A

elevates mandible

assists protrusion

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17
Q

which muscle of mastication is affected if the patient can’t open their mouth wide?

A

medial pterygoid

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18
Q

IDB hitting which muscle of mastication causes trismus?

A

medial pterygoid

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19
Q

the TMJ carries out 2 movements, what are these?

A

rotation (initial opening)

translation (wider opening)

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20
Q

greatest bite force is between which teeth?

A

1st molars

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21
Q

name the 4 supra hyoid muscles

A

digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid

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22
Q

of the 4 supra hyoid muscles, all are depressors except which one?

A

stylohyoid

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23
Q

name the 4 strap (infra hyoid) muscles

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid

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24
Q

name the 2 types of tongue muscles

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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25
Q

which type of tongue muscles cup the tongue?

A

intrinsic

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26
Q

which type of tongue muscles alter tongue postion>?

A

extrinsic

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27
Q

name the 3 intrinsic tongue muscles

A

longitudinal
vertical
traverse

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28
Q

name the 4 extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

genioglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus

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29
Q

name the 2 facial muscles

A

oribicularis oris

buccinator

30
Q

what is the main role of facial muscles?

A

expression

31
Q

name the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

32
Q

which sensory nerve innervates lower molars?

A

mandibular division of trigemnial

33
Q

which sensory nerve supplies chin and lower lip?

A

mental nerve

34
Q

compare anaesthesia, paraesthesia and dyseasthia

A

anaesthesia - temporarily losing sensation and awareness
paraesthesia - abnormal sensation, typically tingling or prickling
dysthaesia - unpleasant sensation felt when touched due to damage to peripheral nerves

35
Q

name the 3 types of neurons

A

afferent (sensory)
interneuron
efferent (motor)

36
Q

which 5 cranial nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A 
v - trigeminal
ix- glossopharyngeal
x - vagus
xi- accessory
xii - hypoglossal
37
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
i olfactory
ii optic
iii oculomotor
iv trochlear
v trigeminal
vi abducens
vii facial
viii vestibulochlear
ix glossopharyngeal
x vagus 
xi accessory
xii hypoglossal
38
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with bells palsy

A

facial

39
Q

list some causes of bells palsy

A

infiltration of LA into facial nerve
infection (herpes)
otitis media (middle ear infection)
trauma

40
Q

list the 5 branches of the facial nerve

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
41
Q

a full denture results in the loss of which receptor?

A

periodontal mechanoreceptors

42
Q

what is the function of periodontal mechanoreceptors?

A

signal info about tooth load to CNS

43
Q

what is the name for the condition when food gets stuck in your oesophagus?

A

dysphagia

44
Q

which receptors respond to pain?

A

nociceptors

45
Q

name the 3 components of feeding

A

ingestion
transport
mechanical processing

46
Q

describe the ingestion component of feeding

A

movement of food from external environment into mouth

via biting and/or tools such as cutlery/cup

47
Q

describe the transportation component of feeding

A
  • moving material from front of mouth to level of posterior teeth
48
Q

describe the mechanical processing component of feeding

A

some solid food must be broken down and mixed with saliva before being swallowed

49
Q

which muscles are involved in food processing?

A

mandibular muscles
suprahyoid muscles
tongue muscles
lips and cheek

50
Q

what term is used to describe the backwards movement of the tongue when processing food?

A

squeeze back mechanism

51
Q

the posterior oral seal is produced when swallowing what, solids or liquids?

A

liquids

52
Q

describe the 3 phases of the chewing cycle

A

opening phase - jaw depressor muscles active
closing phase - jaw elevator muscles active
occlusal phase - mandible stationary, teeth occluded

53
Q

which has a narrower chewing cycle, carrot or gum?

A

carrot

54
Q

name a prosthesis which is supported by bone?

A

implant

55
Q

name 3 types of bridge

A

fixed fixed bridge (pontic attached to retainer at each side)
cantilever (only 1 retainer)
adhesive/resin bonded bridge

56
Q

name the 3 stages of swallowing

A

buccal (voluntary)
pharyngeal (involuntary)
oesophageal (involuntary)

57
Q

what is the protective function of swallowing?

A

prevents injected material entering lower airway as foldaway crossed airway

58
Q

where are liquids swallowed from?

A

mouth

59
Q

where are solids swallowed from

A

oro-pharynx

60
Q

erosion of the palatal surface of teeth indicated what?

A

acid reflux

61
Q

labial erosion of teeth indicates that?

A

fizzy drinks

62
Q

tooth wear caused by contact between occluding teeth is known as?

A

attrition

63
Q

bruxism and parafunciton are examples of which type of tooth wear?

A

attrition

64
Q

tooth wear usually caused by brushing habit is known as?

A

abrasion

65
Q

wedge shaped notches at the cervical region of teeth due to stress is known as?

A

abfraction

66
Q

inability to generate speech is known as?

A

dysphasia

67
Q

pain experiences when swallowing is known as?

A

odynophagia

68
Q

difficulty speaking due to problems with muscles used in speech is known as?

A

dysarthria

69
Q

list some oral causes of language and speech defects

A 
maloclussion
loss of teeth/denture related
cleft lip/palate
tongue related
dry mouth
70
Q

the position of the teeth, tongue and lips when playing a wind instrument is known as

A

embouchure

biological and medical sciences 2 (11 decks)

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