Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biological and medical sciences 2 > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine disease can be a result of primary or secondary failure, what is primary failure?

A

gland failure - it can’t produce hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine disease can be a result of primary or secondary failure, what is secondary failure?

A

control failure - gland can make hormone but the control system is not working

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

rare, inherited disorders in which several endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors are known as?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does the pituitary gland receive info from?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH
ACTH
GH
LH
FSH
prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary through what?

A

venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pituitary tumours are usually what type?

A

adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 2 types of pituitary adenomas?

A

functional adenoma and non functional adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

compare a functional and non functional pituitary adenoma

A

functional - produces hormones

non functional - doesn’t produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what issues does a non functional pituitary adenoma and a functional cause?

A

space occupying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tumours growing out the pituitary gland push on which nerve having what effect?

A

push on optic nerve - peripheral vision damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

as well as affecting peripheral vision, what else do pituitary tumours affect?

A

nasal field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the technique which uses a metal tube stuck up the nose through the spend and into the sella tunica to remove a pituitary tumour is known as?

A

transphenoidal surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what effect will insufficient growth hormone have in children?

A

growth failure - child will be small but in proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what effect will insufficient growth hormone have in adults?

A

metabolic changes - increased fat and decreased vitality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what effect will excess growth hormone have in children?

A

giganticism - tall but in proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what effect will excess growth hormone have in adults?

A

acromegaly - what can still grow will (hands, feet, mandible, soft tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what substance would you measure to assess growth hormone levels?

A

IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is GH a anabolic or catabolic hormone?

A

anabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is excess growth hormone usually cause by?

A

functional pituitary tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what diseases are those with acromegaly likely to develop?

A

type 2 diabetes

CVD (ischaemic hear disease, acromegalic cardiomyopathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

acromegaly sufferers have a decreased life span and often die due to what?

A

CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

name some oral consequence of acromegaly?

A

enlarged tongue
interdental spacing
‘shrunk’ dentures
reverse overbite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which is more common primary hyperthyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

high thyroid hormone levels due to a problem not associated with the thyroid gland is known as?

A

thyrotoxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hypothyroidism may also be known as?

A

myxoedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

which is more common primary hypothyroidism or secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which autoimmune disease causes 70-80% of hyperthyroidism ?

A

graves disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

in graves disease, autoantibodies stimulate which receptor?

A

TSH receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

there is an excess of which 2 hormones in hyperthyroidism?

A

T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a less common cause of hyperthyroidism is caused by an excess of thyroid hormones from thyroid nodules, this is known as?

A

toxic multi-nodular goitre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a tumour causing hyperthyroidism is known as?

A

toxic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name 4 causes of hyperthyroidism

A

graves
toxic multi-nodular goitre
thyroid tumour
pituitary tumour (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

name some symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
hot
sweaty
weight loss
diarhoea
palpitations
tachycardia
increased BP
tremor
eyelid retraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

which autoimmune disease causes 90% of primary hypothyroidism cases?

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

name some causes of primary hypothyroidism

A 
hashimotos
idiopathic atrophy
thyroidectomy
iron deficicncy
drugs
congenital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what causes secondary hypothyroidism?

A

hypothalamic or pituitary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the symptoms/signs of hypothyroidism

A 
tired
cold
weight gain
constipation 
angina
hair loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

do autoimmune diseases affect more males or females?

A

females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

which blood tests might you do for those with thyroid disease?

A

TSH
T4
T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

raised TSH and raised T3 indicates which type of thyroid disease?

A

secondary hyperthyroidism (pituitary cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

low TSH and raised T3 indicates which type of thyroid disease?

A

primary hyperthyroidism (graves or adenoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

low TSH and low T4 indicates which type of thyroid disease?

A

secondary hypothyroidism (pituitary cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

raised TSH and low T4 indicates which type of thyroid disease?

A

primary hypothyroidism (gland failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what treatment is there for hyperthyroidism?

A

carbimazole
beta blockers (reduce BP and help anxiety)
radioidine (carries hypothyroid risk)
surgery - partial thyroidectomy
corticosteroids (treat graves opthalmopathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what treatment is there for hypothyroidism?

A

T4 (thyroxine) tablets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

name the 2 types of thyroid cancer and which is most common?

A

papillary (80%)

follicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the hypothalamus releases _ which travels to the anterior pituitary, stimulating the release of TSH?

A

TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what happens when the blood concentration of thyroid hormones increases above the threshold?

A

THR secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

which disease is characterised by adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones?

A

addisons disease

52
Q

which disease is characterised by excessive adrenal action?

A

cushings

53
Q

name the 3 layers of the adrenal gland from outermost to inner most

A 
zona glomerulosa (outer)
zona fasicularis
zona reticularis (inner)
54
Q

which hormone does the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

aldosterone

55
Q

which hormone does the zona fascicularis of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

cortisol

56
Q

which hormone does the zona reticular of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

adrenal androgens

57
Q

which hormone released but the hypothalamus causes the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

58
Q

CRH from the hypothalamus causes release of which hormone from the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

59
Q

which 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

androgens (DHEA)
aldosterone
cortisol

60
Q

where in the adrenal gland is aldosterone produced?

A

zona glomerulosa

61
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A
  • regulates salt and water
  • enhances sodium reabsorption and potassium loss causing water to be absorbed alongside sodium
  • this increase in fluid causes an increase in BP
62
Q

decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates which system?

A

renin-angiotensin system

63
Q

once the renin-angiotensin system is activated, which substance is released and from where?

A

renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus

64
Q

renin cleaves _ to form _?

A

angiotensinogen to form angiotensin 1

65
Q

angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by what?

A

ACE

66
Q

angiotensin 2 causes release of which hormone?

A

aldosterone

67
Q

which 2 drugs inhibit the renin-angiotensin system?

A 
ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors)
AT2 blockers (angiotensin ii blockers)
68
Q

what are ACE inhibitors and AT2 blockers used to treat?

A

high BP

69
Q

what 2 reactions may patients take to ACE inhibitors?

A

angio-odeama

lichenoid reaction

70
Q

which type of hormone is cortisol?

A

glucocorticoid (steroid hormone)

71
Q

where in the adrenal gland is cortisol produced?

A

zona fasciculata

72
Q

what physiological effects does cortisol have on the body?

A

antagonist to insulin (difficult for glucose to move insulin into cells)
lowers immune reactivity
increases BP
inhibits bone synthesis

73
Q

cortisol doesn’t work through surface receptors, how does it work?

A

works in cell nucleus where it alters protein transcription

74
Q

name some therapeutic steroids

A

hydrocortisone
prednisolone
dexamethasone

75
Q

what is the name given to man made steroids used therapeutically?

A

corticosteroids

76
Q

over production of cortisol by the adrenal gland causes which disease?

A

cushings

77
Q

what may cause adrenal hyperfunction?

A

primary - tumour of adrenal gland

secondary - tumour of pituitary

78
Q

over production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland causes which disease?

A

conns syndrome

79
Q

reduced function of the adrenal gland due damage causes which disease?

A

addisons disease

80
Q

is addisons disease due to primary or secondary hypofunction?

A

primary

81
Q

name some signs and symptoms bushings disease?

A 
centripetal obesity (moon face, buffalo hump)
hypertension
thin skin
muscle weakness
diabetes melliyus features
82
Q

name some signs/symptoms of addisons disease

A

postural hypotension
weight loss
hyperpigmentation
vitiligo

83
Q

high ACTH and high cortisol indicate which type of adrenal disease?

A

secondary hyperfucntion

84
Q

low ACTH and high cortisol indicate which type of adrenal disease?

A

primary hyperfucntion

85
Q

low ACTH, low cortisol and positive synacthen indicate which type of adrenal disease?

A

secondary hypofucntion

86
Q

high ACTH, low cortisol and negative synacthen indicate which type of adrenal disease?

A

primary hypofucntion

87
Q

injecting ACTH to see if there is an increase in cortisol is known as what?

A

synacthen (positive means cortisol does increase)

88
Q

how is addisons disease managed?

A

hormone replacement (cortisol and fluorocortisone)

89
Q

when may steroid prophylaxis be given?

A

when there is an increase in physiological requirement

  • infection
  • surgery
  • physiological stress
90
Q

which patients may be given steroid prophylaxis?

A

addisons disease patients and those on therapeutic steroids

91
Q

when there is not enough steroids for body demands this is known as an?

A

addisonian crisis

92
Q

why is an IGF test taken and not a GH one?

A

GH is produced at night

93
Q

which type of bones can’t grow after puberty as the growth plates have fused?

A

endochondrial

94
Q

which type of bones grow in patients with acromegaly?

A

membranous

95
Q

name 2 common causes of destruction of adrenal gland tissue in addisons disease?

A

autoimmune destrcution

TB

96
Q

name the 2 types of diabetes?

A

mellitus and insipidus

97
Q

what test is used to test type 1 and 2 diabetes?

A

glucose tolerance test

98
Q

what is type 1 diabetes also known as?

A

insulin deficiency

99
Q

what is type 2 diabetes also known as?

A

insulin resistance

100
Q

which type of diabteets involves immune mediated pancreatic B cell destruction?

A

type 1 - insulin deficiency

101
Q

define hyperglycaemic?

A

high blood sugar

102
Q

what is ketacidosis?

A

when blood sugar is so high ketones build up and can kill

103
Q

which diabetics take insulin ?

A

type 1

104
Q

what circulating antibodies are present in those with type 1 diabetes?

A

GAD (glutamic acid decarbonase)
ICA (islet cell antibodies)
IAA (insulin antibodies)

105
Q

what are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

polyuria (large urine production)
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
tiredness

106
Q

which is most common, type 1 or 2 diabetes?

A

2

107
Q

which diabetics are prone to hyperglycaemia?

A

type 1

108
Q

which diabetics are prone to hyperinsulinaemia?

A

type 2

109
Q

high insulin in blood is known as?

A

hyperisulinaemia

110
Q

name the 2 types of insulin injection routines?

A

basal-bolus control

split-mixed control

111
Q

which insulin regime offers more control and flexibility?

A

basal-bolus control

112
Q

how is type 1 diabetes managed?

A

subcutaneous insulin

113
Q

what happens to a type 1 diabetic if they have too much insulin and not enough glucose?

A

hypoglycaemic

114
Q

what ways may type 2 diabetes be managed?

A 
weight loss
diet restrctions
surgery (gastric bypass)
oral hypoglycaemic agent
insulin sensitisers
115
Q

name 2 common oral hypoglycaemic medications?

A

sulphonylureas

biguanides

116
Q

list some chronic complications caused by diabetes

A 
CVD - angina, MI 
neuropathy
claudication
poor wound healing
infection
renal disease!!
eye disease
117
Q

which eye diseases are diabetics prone to?

A

cateracts
maculopathy
proliferative retinopathy

118
Q

high blood glucose injures nerves causing what?

A

neuropathy

119
Q

what effects does neuropathy have?

A 
general sensation affected (hand and feet)
motor neuropathy (Muscle weakness)
autonomic regulation (bladder and bowel dysfunction)
120
Q

which type of diabetes causes more problems with surgery?

A

type 1

121
Q

what most dentists consider with diabetic patients?

A

time of appointment - food intake may be disrupyed
acute emergencies
infection risk
poor wound healing

122
Q

high blood sugar and NO insulin causes what?

A

ketoacidosis

123
Q

which typeof diabetics usually present with diabetic symptoms ?

A

type 1

124
Q

which type of diabetics go hypo?

A

type 1

125
Q

when should a type 1 diabetic have their dental appointment?

A

just after meal time

biological and medical sciences 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions