pharmacology

Question 1

give 2 examples of local anaesthetics?

Answer 1

. lignocaine

. prilocaine

Question 2

what effect do vasoconstrictors in LA have?

Answer 2

reduces blood flow, slowing rate of absorption sonf prolonging anaesthetic effect

Question 3

list 3 classes of antimicrobials

Answer 3

. antibiotc
. antiviral
. antifungal

Question 4

name a systemic oral antibiotic

Answer 4

. amoxicillin

Question 5

name an antiviral?

Answer 5

acyclovir

Question 6

name an anti fungal

Answer 6

nystatin

Question 7

which 2 classes of drugs can be used reduce inflammation?

Answer 7

NSAIDs

corticosteroids

Question 8

what does anti-pyretic mean?

Answer 8

reduces fever

Question 9

what does analgesic mean?

Answer 9

reduces pain

Question 10

what is the dose for paracetamol?

Answer 10

1g 4x per day

Question 11

name 3 NSAIDs

Answer 11

. ibuprofen
. aspirin
. diclofenac

Question 12

aspirin is a derivative of what?

Answer 12

salicilic acid

Question 13

ibuprofen is a derivative of what?

Answer 13

propanoic acid

Question 14

how do NSAIDs reduce inflammation?

Answer 14

. inhibit prostaglandins synthesis by blocking COX enzymes

. this changes the balance of PGE1 and PGE2

Question 15

what is the dose for aspirin

Answer 15

300-600mg 4x daily

Question 16

which enzyme does aspirin inhibit?

Answer 16

COX1

Question 17

inhibiting COX1 has what effects?

Answer 17

. reduced synthesis of protoglandins
. reduced inflammatory mediators
. anti-pyrexic (reduce fever)

Question 18

list some side effects of aspirin

Answer 18

. gastric irritation
. inhibition of platelet function
. bronchospasm
. allergy
. drug interactions

Question 19

which has fewer side effects, aspirin or ibuprofen?

Answer 19

ibuprofen

Question 20

describe the action of ibuprofen?

Answer 20

. blocks COX1
. this causes reduced synthesis of protoglandins, reduced inflammatory mediators, anti-pyrexic (reduce fever) (same as aspirin)

Question 21

name an NSAID given by prescription?

Answer 21

diclofenac

Question 22

what is the dose for ibuprofen?

Answer 22

200-600mg 3x daily

Question 23

what is diclofenac dose?

Answer 23

50mg 3x daily

Question 24

how do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

Answer 24

. decrease capillary permeability
. form bradykinins (inflammatory mediators)
. migration of WBC

Question 25

give some examples of topical corticosteroids

Answer 25

. steroid inhalers . hydrocortisone cream . mouth ulcer treatment

Question 26

give examples of systemic corticosteroids

Answer 26

. prednisolone (prevent transplant rejection) | . dexamethasone (injection to reduce swelling after surgery)

Question 27

name some side effects of systemic corticosteroids

Answer 27

``` . high BP . weight gain . gastric ulceration . adrenal suppresion . osteoperosis . diabetes ```

Question 28

name some drugs used in sedation

Answer 28

. benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolain) | . nitrous oxide gas

Question 29

by what mechanism do sedation drugs work by?

Answer 29

make neurotransmitter GABA work over time

Question 30

what is a drug?

Answer 30

external substance that acts on living tissues to produce a measurable change in the function of that tissue

Question 31

compare the meaning of effects and side effects?

Answer 31

. effects - what u want | . side effects - what u don't want

Question 32

which type of drug reduces anxiety?

Answer 32

anxiolytics

Question 33

compare hormone messages and neural messages

Answer 33

.hormone messages - sens general info to ALL tissues | . neural messages - targeted info too SPECIFIC tissues

Question 34

what is the function of thyroid hormones?

Answer 34

balance bodys metabolism . regulate heat . control mental ability . slow pulse rate and BP

Question 35

too much thyroid hormone causes?

Answer 35

hyperthyroidism

Question 36

hypothyroidism is caused by?

Answer 36

too little thyroid hormone

Question 37

name the 2 thyroid hormones

Answer 37

T3 and T4

Question 38

what do thyroxine tablets replace?

Answer 38

T3 and T4

Question 39

which nervous systems come under the ANS?

Answer 39

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 40

which hormone is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 40

adrenaline

Question 41

which hormone is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 41

acetylcholine

Question 42

how does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

Answer 42

releases adrenaline which acts on beta-receptors (adrenergic receptors) to increase heart rate - adrenergic stimulation

Question 43

how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

Answer 43

releases acetylcholine which acts on cholinergic receptors to decrease heart rate

Question 44

what effect do beta agonists have?

Answer 44

relax muscles of the airways, which widen the airways and result in easier breathing

Question 45

which drugs have the opposite effects to beta agonists?

Answer 45

beta blockers

Question 46

which hormone do beta blockers inactivate?

Answer 46

adrenaline

Question 47

what clinical effect do beta blockers have?

Answer 47

reduce BP

Question 48

give an example of a beta blocker?

Answer 48

atenolol

Question 49

give an example of a cholinergic blocker?

Answer 49

atropine

Question 50

what do cholinergic blockers do?

Answer 50

increase heart rate

Question 51

drugs work by acting on which 3 things?

Answer 51

receptors, enzymes or ion channels

Question 52

how do agonists work?

Answer 52

bind to receptor causing effect

Question 53

how do partial agonists work?

Answer 53

bind to and activate receptor but only having partial efficacy at receptor

Question 54

which 2 types of antagonists are there?

Answer 54

competitive and non-competitive

Question 55

how can the effects of a reversible antagonist be reduced?

Answer 55

increasing concentration of antagonist

Question 56

what do harsh agonists do?

Answer 56

cause some of response but not all

Question 57

what is the term used to describe how long the agonist/antagonist are bound to the receptor?

Answer 57

occupancy

Question 58

which term is used to describe how effective a drug is?

Answer 58

efficacy

Question 59

compare an agonist to an antagonist?

Answer 59

agonists bind causing a response whereas antagonists bind blocking a response

Question 60

give an example of a class of drug which works by its effect on ion channels?

Answer 60

LA

Question 61

what 3 ways may drugs act?

Answer 61

. receptors on cells . influence enzyme action . disruption of ion conduction channels

Question 62

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 62

what drugs do to the body

Question 63

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 63

what the body does to drugs

Question 64

name 5 routes of drug administration?

Answer 64

``` .oral .IV .intramusclar .subcutaneous .inhalation ```

Question 65

give an advantage of oral administration of drugs

Answer 65

socially acceptable

Question 66

give some disadvantages of oral administration of drugs

Answer 66

. slow onset . variable absorption . gastric acid may destroy drug . first pass metabolism

Question 67

which feature can increase the length of time an oral administrated drug will work?

Answer 67

coating

Question 68

all blood from the GI tract drains to which vein

Answer 68

hepatic portal

Question 69

hepatic portal veins drains into what structure?

Answer 69

liver

Question 70

during first pass metabolism, the liver may activate or inactivate the drug, how may u overcome the effects of inactivation?

Answer 70

give more drug via the oral route

Question 71

why must orally administered drug doses be reduced in patents with liver damage?

Answer 71

liver is not fully functioning and so less drug will be absorbed during first pass metabolism

Question 72

what are the advantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?

Answer 72

. predictable plasma levels . no fist pass metabolism . works quicker

Question 73

what are the disadvantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?

Answer 73

. allergic reactions more severe . self medication difficult . drug cost is higher

Question 74

what is bioavailability in relation to a drug?

Answer 74

proportion of injected drug that is available for clinical effect

Question 75

how may drugs be excreted?

Answer 75

``` . renal - urine . liver - bile . lungs - exhaled gas . saliva . sweat ```

Question 76

most drugs are excreted via which route?

Answer 76

renal