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biological and medical sciences 2 > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

give 2 examples of local anaesthetics?

A

. lignocaine

. prilocaine

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2
Q

what effect do vasoconstrictors in LA have?

A

reduces blood flow, slowing rate of absorption sonf prolonging anaesthetic effect

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3
Q

list 3 classes of antimicrobials

A

. antibiotc
. antiviral
. antifungal

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4
Q

name a systemic oral antibiotic

A

. amoxicillin

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5
Q

name an antiviral?

A

acyclovir

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6
Q

name an anti fungal

A

nystatin

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7
Q

which 2 classes of drugs can be used reduce inflammation?

A

NSAIDs

corticosteroids

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8
Q

what does anti-pyretic mean?

A

reduces fever

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9
Q

what does analgesic mean?

A

reduces pain

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10
Q

what is the dose for paracetamol?

A

1g 4x per day

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11
Q

name 3 NSAIDs

A

. ibuprofen
. aspirin
. diclofenac

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12
Q

aspirin is a derivative of what?

A

salicilic acid

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13
Q

ibuprofen is a derivative of what?

A

propanoic acid

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14
Q

how do NSAIDs reduce inflammation?

A

. inhibit prostaglandins synthesis by blocking COX enzymes

. this changes the balance of PGE1 and PGE2

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15
Q

what is the dose for aspirin

A

300-600mg 4x daily

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16
Q

which enzyme does aspirin inhibit?

A

COX1

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17
Q

inhibiting COX1 has what effects?

A

. reduced synthesis of protoglandins
. reduced inflammatory mediators
. anti-pyrexic (reduce fever)

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18
Q

list some side effects of aspirin

A 
. gastric irritation
. inhibition of platelet function
. bronchospasm
. allergy
. drug interactions
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19
Q

which has fewer side effects, aspirin or ibuprofen?

A

ibuprofen

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20
Q

describe the action of ibuprofen?

A

. blocks COX1
. this causes reduced synthesis of protoglandins, reduced inflammatory mediators, anti-pyrexic (reduce fever) (same as aspirin)

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21
Q

name an NSAID given by prescription?

A

diclofenac

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22
Q

what is the dose for ibuprofen?

A

200-600mg 3x daily

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23
Q

what is diclofenac dose?

A

50mg 3x daily

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24
Q

how do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

A

. decrease capillary permeability
. form bradykinins (inflammatory mediators)
. migration of WBC

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25
Q

give some examples of topical corticosteroids

A

. steroid inhalers
. hydrocortisone cream
. mouth ulcer treatment

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26
Q

give examples of systemic corticosteroids

A

. prednisolone (prevent transplant rejection)

. dexamethasone (injection to reduce swelling after surgery)

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27
Q

name some side effects of systemic corticosteroids

A 
. high BP
. weight gain
. gastric ulceration
. adrenal suppresion
. osteoperosis
. diabetes
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28
Q

name some drugs used in sedation

A

. benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolain)

. nitrous oxide gas

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29
Q

by what mechanism do sedation drugs work by?

A

make neurotransmitter GABA work over time

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30
Q

what is a drug?

A

external substance that acts on living tissues to produce a measurable change in the function of that tissue

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31
Q

compare the meaning of effects and side effects?

A

. effects - what u want

. side effects - what u don’t want

32
Q

which type of drug reduces anxiety?

A

anxiolytics

33
Q

compare hormone messages and neural messages

A

.hormone messages - sens general info to ALL tissues

. neural messages - targeted info too SPECIFIC tissues

34
Q

what is the function of thyroid hormones?

A

balance bodys metabolism
. regulate heat
. control mental ability
. slow pulse rate and BP

35
Q

too much thyroid hormone causes?

A

hyperthyroidism

36
Q

hypothyroidism is caused by?

A

too little thyroid hormone

37
Q

name the 2 thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

38
Q

what do thyroxine tablets replace?

A

T3 and T4

39
Q

which nervous systems come under the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

40
Q

which hormone is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

adrenaline

41
Q

which hormone is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

releases adrenaline which acts on beta-receptors (adrenergic receptors) to increase heart rate - adrenergic stimulation

43
Q

how does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

releases acetylcholine which acts on cholinergic receptors to decrease heart rate

44
Q

what effect do beta agonists have?

A

relax muscles of the airways, which widen the airways and result in easier breathing

45
Q

which drugs have the opposite effects to beta agonists?

A

beta blockers

46
Q

which hormone do beta blockers inactivate?

A

adrenaline

47
Q

what clinical effect do beta blockers have?

A

reduce BP

48
Q

give an example of a beta blocker?

A

atenolol

49
Q

give an example of a cholinergic blocker?

A

atropine

50
Q

what do cholinergic blockers do?

A

increase heart rate

51
Q

drugs work by acting on which 3 things?

A

receptors, enzymes or ion channels

52
Q

how do agonists work?

A

bind to receptor causing effect

53
Q

how do partial agonists work?

A

bind to and activate receptor but only having partial efficacy at receptor

54
Q

which 2 types of antagonists are there?

A

competitive and non-competitive

55
Q

how can the effects of a reversible antagonist be reduced?

A

increasing concentration of antagonist

56
Q

what do harsh agonists do?

A

cause some of response but not all

57
Q

what is the term used to describe how long the agonist/antagonist are bound to the receptor?

A

occupancy

58
Q

which term is used to describe how effective a drug is?

A

efficacy

59
Q

compare an agonist to an antagonist?

A

agonists bind causing a response whereas antagonists bind blocking a response

60
Q

give an example of a class of drug which works by its effect on ion channels?

A

LA

61
Q

what 3 ways may drugs act?

A

. receptors on cells
. influence enzyme action
. disruption of ion conduction channels

62
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

what drugs do to the body

63
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

what the body does to drugs

64
Q

name 5 routes of drug administration?

A 
.oral
.IV
.intramusclar
.subcutaneous
.inhalation
65
Q

give an advantage of oral administration of drugs

A

socially acceptable

66
Q

give some disadvantages of oral administration of drugs

A

. slow onset
. variable absorption
. gastric acid may destroy drug
. first pass metabolism

67
Q

which feature can increase the length of time an oral administrated drug will work?

A

coating

68
Q

all blood from the GI tract drains to which vein

A

hepatic portal

69
Q

hepatic portal veins drains into what structure?

A

liver

70
Q

during first pass metabolism, the liver may activate or inactivate the drug, how may u overcome the effects of inactivation?

A

give more drug via the oral route

71
Q

why must orally administered drug doses be reduced in patents with liver damage?

A

liver is not fully functioning and so less drug will be absorbed during first pass metabolism

72
Q

what are the advantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?

A

. predictable plasma levels
. no fist pass metabolism
. works quicker

73
Q

what are the disadvantages of delivering drugs by non-oral routes?

A

. allergic reactions more severe
. self medication difficult
. drug cost is higher

74
Q

what is bioavailability in relation to a drug?

A

proportion of injected drug that is available for clinical effect

75
Q

how may drugs be excreted?

A 
. renal - urine
. liver - bile
. lungs - exhaled gas
.  saliva
. sweat
76
Q

most drugs are excreted via which route?

A

renal

biological and medical sciences 2 (11 decks)

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