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biological and medical sciences 2 > gi medicine > Flashcards

gi medicine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

name a medication used in the upper GI tract which eliminates formed acid?

A

antacid

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2
Q

name 2 medications used in the upper GI tract which decreases acid secretion?

A

H2 receptor blockers

proton pump inhibitors

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3
Q

which medication neutralises stomach acid?

A

antacid

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4
Q

antacids are used for what conditions?

A

heart burn
indigestion
upset stomach

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5
Q

give an example of an antacid

A

alka seitzer

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6
Q

groups of medication which stop stomach acid production are known as?

A

PPIs (proton pump inhibitors)

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7
Q

which 3 substances trigger acid production from parietal cells?

A

acetylcholine
histamine
gastrin

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8
Q

PPIs work on which receptors?

A

AcH
gastrin
histamine

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9
Q

which medication blocks all acid production in the stomach, PPIs or H2 receptor agonists?

A

PPIs

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10
Q

H2 receptor agonists block which receptor?

A

histamine

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11
Q

name a H2 receptor agonist?

A

cimetidine

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12
Q

PPIs end in what?

A

prazole

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13
Q

name a PPI

A

omeprazole

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14
Q

upper GI diseases include diseases of _, _ & _?

A

oral cavity
osephagus
gastic

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15
Q

what is the medical term for an ulcer?

A

apthae

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16
Q

GORD causes a change in epithelium from strat squamous to ?

A

simple columnar

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17
Q

which medications are most often prescribed to patients with barrets oesophagus?

A

PPI
H2 blocker
antacids

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18
Q

when part of the stomach moves through the diaphragm, it is known as?

A

hiatus hernia

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19
Q

name 2 types of hiatus hernia?

A

sliding (95%)

rolling

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20
Q

which type of hiatus hernia is permanent and which type gives GORD?

A

rolling - permanent

sliding - GORD

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21
Q

ulcers in the stomach or upper duodenum are characteristic of which disease?

A

peptic ulcer disease

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22
Q

describe a perforated ulcer?

A

when an untreated ulcer burns through the wall of stomach into peritoneum

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23
Q

what is the name given to the type of infection which infects the lower part if the stomach antrum?

A

helicobacter pylori

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24
Q

helicobacter pylori is eliminated by triple therapy, what does this consist of?

A

2 antibiotics and 1 PPI

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25
Q

describe the structure of helicobacter pylori

A

gram negative

spiral

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26
Q

what may cause peptic ulcer disease?

A

excess acid
drugs (NSAID, steroids)
reduced protective barrier in stomach

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27
Q

what is pernicious anaemia?

A

vit b12 deficiency

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28
Q

name 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease

A

crohns

ulcerative colitis

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29
Q

crohns can occur anywhere in the GI tract, but where does it most commonly occur?

A

SI and colon

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30
Q

ulcerative colitis is long term inflammation of which two areas of the body?

A

colon and rectum

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31
Q

which is continuous, crohns or ulcerative colitis?

A

UC

32
Q

which is mucosal and which is trans mucosal, ulcerative colitis and crohns

A

mucosal - UC

trans mucosal - crohns

33
Q

the absence of goblet cells is seen in what, UC or crohns?

A

UC

34
Q

how many types of UC are there?

A

4

35
Q

what are the symptoms of UC and crohns?

A

diarrhoea
abdominal pain
rectal bleeding

36
Q

how can inflammatory bowel disease be investigated?

A 
blood test
feacal calprotectin (measure protein in stool)
endoscopy
leukocyte scan
barium swallow
bul;et endoscopy
37
Q

villous atrophy in the jejunum occurs in which condition?

A

coeliac

38
Q

name some syptoms of coeliac disease

A

weight loss
abdominal pain/swelling
diarrhoea
steatorrhea (fatty poo)

39
Q

bowel cancer is known as?

A

colonic carcinoma

40
Q

growths of the inner surface of the colon are known as?

A

polyps

41
Q

can polyps become cancerous over time?

A

yes

42
Q

which type of polyp has the largest cancer risk, in LI or SI?

A

LI

43
Q

what name is given to viral liver disease?

A

hepatitis

44
Q

how many lobes does the liver have?

A

4

45
Q

which structure collects bile from the liver?

A

gall bladder

46
Q

which structure carries bile from the liver to the gall bladder, it also joins the pancreas?

A

common bile duct

47
Q

jaundice is caused as a result of excess what in the skin?

A

bilirubin

48
Q

patients with jaundice are often referred to as?

A

icteric

49
Q

bilirubin is a normal product of _ metabolism and is found in the blood in low levels

A

ahem

50
Q

the yellow pigment in jaundice is first apparent where?

A

eyes

51
Q

where is bilirubin conjugated so it can pass out in urine?

A

liver

52
Q

why can unconjugated bilirubin not be excreted in urine?

A

its insoluble when unconjugated

53
Q

jaundice due to factors before liver metabolism is known as?

A

pre hepatic jaundice

54
Q

what may cause pre hepatic jaundice?

A

excess quantities of RBC breakdown products

  • haemolytic anaemia (RBCs broken down quicker)
  • post transfusion (bad match so new RBCs broken down)
  • neonatal (mum and baby blood mixes so bad breaks down mums blood)
55
Q

jaundice due to liver failure is known as ?

A

hepatic jaundice

56
Q

liver failure causes hepatic jaundice, what 2 ways may the liver fail?

A

cirrhosis

drug induced liver failure

57
Q

jaundice due to obstruction of bile outflow is known as?

A

post hepatic jaundice or obstructive jaundice

58
Q

how may the bile duct be obstructed?

A

gall stones

tumour

59
Q

pale stool and dark urine indicates which type of jaundice?

A

post hepatic

60
Q

dark stool and dark urine indicates which type of jaundice?

A

pre hepatic

61
Q

pale stool and pale urine indicates which type of jaundice?

A

hepatic

62
Q

gall stones may cause which type of jaundice?

A

post hepatic

63
Q

inflammation of the gall bladder is known as?

A

acute cholecystitis

64
Q

name some symptoms of gall stones?

A

pain in tip of shoulder
right abdominal pain
pain when eating fatty foods

65
Q

which imaging technique involves injecting dye into the bile tree?

A

ERCP

66
Q

how may CF lead to blocked bile duct?

A

pancreatic secretions v viscous so block

67
Q

what technique uses sonic waves to breakdown gall stones?

A

lithotripsy

68
Q

brain damage due to jaundice in neonates is known as?

A

kernicterus

69
Q

why are adults not at risk of brain damage due to excess bilirubin?

A

brain is segregated from blooding adults

70
Q

neonates with jaundice get what treatment?

A

phototherapy - blue wavelength light breaks down bilirubin in skin

71
Q

which disease is characterised by recurrent image, fibrosis and regeneration of the liver structure?

A

cirrhosis

72
Q

what name is given to abdominal swelling?

A

ascites

73
Q

enlarged veins in the oesophagus due to obstructed blood flow is known as?

A

oesophageal varices

74
Q

which test is most commonly used to test liver function?

A

INR

75
Q

name some effects of liver failure

A

INR over 1 (not on warfarin)
fluid retention - ascites
portal hypertension
jaundice

76
Q

what is the only treatment for liver failure?

A

transplant

77
Q

what do dentists have to be conscious about in patients with liver failure?

A

clotting disorders - always take INR before extraction
abnormal drug metabolism - reduce does
no issues with LA usually as its metabolised in plasma
take care with anyifungals and NSAIDs

biological and medical sciences 2 (11 decks)

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