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Systemic Disease in Dentistry > Respiratory Infections and Tumours > Flashcards

Respiratory Infections and Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Term inflammation of the different parts of the trachea and its divisions i.e trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

A

Trachea - Tracheitis
Bronchi - Bronchitis
Bronchioles - Bronchiolitis
Alveoli - Pneumonia

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2
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation and consolidation of lung tissue due to an infectious agent

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3
Q

Describe the histology of an alveolus in pneumonia

A

Contains large amount of infectious material and cells so very little gaseous exchange occurs

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4
Q

What are the 2 most common bacterial pathogens involved in pneumonia?

A
  1. S. pneumoniae

2. M. pneumoniae

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5
Q

Name 4 possible bacterial pathogens involved in pneumonia apart from S. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae

A
  1. H. influenzae
  2. Leginella
  3. C. psittaci
  4. S. aureus
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6
Q

Name 2 types of bacterial pathogen most associated with aspiration pneumonia

A
  1. Gram negative bacilli

2. Anaerobes

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7
Q

Why is legionella of particular interest with regards to pneumonia?

A

It causes Legionnaires disease with the source usually being warm water

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8
Q

Name 4 common viral pathogens which may cause pneumonia

A
  1. Influenza A
  2. Influenza B
  3. Adenovirus
  4. Coronavirus
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9
Q

What is the % spilt of pneumonias caused by bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens?

A

Bacterial - Around 90%
Viral - Around 10%
Fungal - Very uncommon

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10
Q

Name 4 fungal pathogens which can cause pneumonia

A
  1. Pneumocystis jiroveci
  2. Nocardia species
  3. Cryptococcus
  4. Mucormycosis
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11
Q

Describe the basic microscopic appearance of sputum taken from a patient with pneumococcal pneumonia

A

Gram positive bacteria seen occuring in pairs of short chains usually with the presence of inflammatory cells

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12
Q

Why are there often radiolucent areas on radiographs of patients suffering from pneumonia?

A

Necrosis in the area of pneumonia will lead to air fluid imbalances

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13
Q

What is a typical radiographic appearance of staphylococcal pneumonia?

A

Air filled cysts termed pneumatoceles

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14
Q

Describe 6 main symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Pleuritic chest pain
  4. Cough
  5. Purulent sputum
  6. Dyspnoea
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15
Q

Describe 6 relatively non specific symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Headache
  3. Nausea
  4. Abdominal pain
  5. Diarrhoea
  6. Arthralgia
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16
Q

Describe antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated pneumonia

A

Aminopenicillin or benzylpenicillin or macrolide

17
Q

Describe antibiotic treatment for complicated pneumonia

A

Extended spectrum antibiotic and macrolide

18
Q

What is aminopenicillin?

A

Combination of amoxicillin and apicillin

19
Q

What is a common grading system of pneumonia?

A

CURB-65

20
Q

Describe the 5 components of the CURB-65 grading system

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Urea > 7mM
  3. Respiratory rate > 30 min(-1)
  4. Blood pressure - Diastolic <60 or systolic <90mmHg
  5. Older than 65
21
Q

Name 3 common pathogens causing COPD exacerbations and the pharmacological treatment for each

A
  1. S. pneumoniae - Penicillin
  2. H. influenzae - Penicillin +/- beta-lactamase inhibitor
  3. M. catarrhalis - Penicillin +/- beta-lactamase inhibitor
22
Q

Name 5 common pathogenic causes of bronchiectasis in descending order of how common they are

A
  1. S. aureus
  2. S. pneumoniae
  3. H. influenzae
  4. E. Coli, enterococci
  5. P. aeruginosa
23
Q

Name 3 treatments for bronchiectasis

A
  1. Postural drainage
  2. Early antibiotic therapy at high dose
  3. Long term azithromycin
24
Q

Name 3 locations where secondary lung tumours commonly arise

A
  1. GIT
  2. Breast
  3. Kidney
25
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Malignancy originating in airways or lung parenchyma

26
Q

What is the major risk factor for lung carcinoma?

A

Tobacco smoke

27
Q

Name 4 risk factors for lung carcinoma which are not related to smoking

A
  1. Environmental smoke
  2. Asbestos, radon, arsenic
  3. Ionizing radiation
  4. Haloethers
28
Q

Describe the 2 divisions of lung cancers

A
  1. Non small cell lung cancer

2. Small cell lung cancer

29
Q

Name 3 types of non small cell lung cancers

A
  1. Squamous cell
  2. Adenocarcinoma
  3. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
30
Q

Describe the symptoms of lung cancer

A
  • Cough and chest pain
  • Weight loss
  • Dyspnoea
  • Superior vena cava obstruction
  • Bone pain
  • Haemoptysis
31
Q

Name 4 most common lung cancer metastases

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bone
  3. Adrenal
  4. Brain
32
Q

What is paraneoplastic phenomena?

A

Syndromes which arise from a production of various of factors from tumours e.g hormones, cytokines or immune responses

33
Q

Name 5 examples of paraneoplastic phenomena

A
  1. Hypercalcaemia
  2. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
  3. Dermatomyositis
  4. Cushing’s Syndrome
  5. Hyponatraemia
34
Q

What is PET scanning?

A

Positron emission tomography used to highlight cancers and metastases

35
Q

Describe the staging of NSCLC

A

Stage I - Small tumour
Stage II - Moderate sized tumour and / or local nodes
Stage III - Big tumour and / or non-local nodes
Stage IV - Non-nodal metastases

36
Q

Describe 3 possible treatments for NSCLC

A
  1. Surgery - Depends on stage and fitness for surgery
  2. Radiotherapy - Radical or palliative
  3. Chemotherapy
37
Q

Describe the prognosis of SCLC

A

Poor prognosis as usually not picked up until the latter stages of the cancers

Systemic Disease in Dentistry (22 decks)

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