Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Disease in Dentistry > Common Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Common Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 common respiratory conditions

A
  1. Cystic fibrosis (bronchiectasis)
  2. Pulmonary embolism
  3. COPD
  4. Asthma
  5. Pulmonary fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the lungs

A

RHS - Superior, middle and inferior lobes with inferior being posterior
LHS - Superior with cardiac notch and inferior lobes with inferior being posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of Type 1 respiratory failure

A
  • pO₂ < 8kPa

- pCO₂ < 6kPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of Type 2 respiratory failure

A
  • pO₂ < 8kPa

- pCO₂ > 6kPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the difference between treatment between Type 1 and Type 2 respiratory failure

A
  • Type 1 treated with high flow oxygen to get oxygen levels up to satisfactory levels
  • Type 2 treated with very controlled oxygen intake to get rid of hypoxia but not too much to cause more carbon dioxide to be retained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 4 respiratory conditions which can lead to Type 1 respiratory failure

A
  1. Acute asthma
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Pulmonary embolism
  4. Pulmonary oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 respiratory conditions which can lead to Type 2 respiratory failure

A
  1. Neuromuscular disorders
  2. COPD
  3. Chest wall deformities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe bronchiectasis

A
  • Abnormal and permanent dilatation of the bronchi associated with chronic infection
  • Congenital or acquired
  • Cough and excess sputum production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe treatment of bronchiectasis

A

Sputum clearance techniques several times per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is thromboembolism?

A

Formation in a blood vessel of a clot that breaks loose and is carried by the blood stream to plug another vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 5 risk factors of pulmonary embolism

A
  1. Surgery / Obstetrics
  2. Lower limb problems
  3. Malignancy
  4. Reduced mobility - Fractures etc
  5. Thrombotic disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 thrombotic disorders which can lead to pulmonary embolism

A
  1. Factor V leiden
  2. Protein C and S deficiency
  3. Antithrombin III deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe 5 treatment options for pulmonary embolism

A
  1. Thrombolysis
  2. Heparin
  3. Warfarin
  4. DOACs - Rivaroxaban, apixaban
  5. Embolectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the theory behind thrombolysis and heparin as treatments for pulmonary embolism?

A

Dissolving the clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main symptom of COPD>

A

Breathlessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe 3 components of the air flow obstruction in COPD

A
  1. Usually progressive
  2. Not fully reversible
  3. Does not change markedly over a few months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define COPD with regards to FEV1 and FEV1 / FVC values

A
  • FEV1 < 80%

- FEV1 / FVC < 0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe 4 features which may be seen on a chest x-ray from a patient suffering from COPD

A
  1. Lots of air in the chest
  2. Ribs almost horizontal
  3. Diaphragm flattened
  4. No focal lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity

21
Q

What is FEV?

A

Forced expiratory volume

22
Q

Describe 3 stages of severity of COPD with regards to FEV %

A

Mild - 50 to 80%
Moderate - 30 to 49%
Severe - Under 30%

23
Q

What is the function of pharmacotherapy for COPD?

A

None of the medications modify long-term decline in lung function so aim is to decrease symptoms and / or complications

24
Q

Describe 5 non-pharmacological therapies of COPD

A
  1. Smoking cessation (by far most important)
  2. Exercise
  3. Diet - Weight reduction
  4. Flu and pneumococcal vaccination (limited evidence)
  5. Pulmonary rehabilitation
25
Q

Name 5 types of drug therapies used for COPD

A
  1. Bronchodilators
  2. Inhaled steroids
  3. Theophyllines
  4. Oral steroids
  5. Oxygen
26
Q

Name 3 short acting bronchodilators

A
  1. Salbutamol
  2. Terbutaline
  3. Ipratropium bromide
27
Q

Describe how salbutamol and terbutaline relieve symptoms of COPD

A

Increases airway diameter by action on smooth muscle

28
Q

Describe how ipratropium bromide relieves symptoms of COPD

A

Block neural bronchoconstriction by anticholinergic effects

29
Q

Name a long acting bronchodilators

A

Tiotropium bromide

30
Q

Name 2 commonly used combined preparations of inhaled steroids for COPD

A
  1. Seretide (Fluticasone / Salmeterol)

2. Symbicort (Budesonide / Formoterol)

31
Q

What is the indication for use of inhaled oral steroids?

A

Use in those with FEV1 < 60% and at least 2 exacerbations in the past year

32
Q

What is a common side effects of inhaled steroids relevant to dentistry?

A

Oral candida

33
Q

Describe theophyllines as a treatment for COPD

A
  • Oral bronchodilators e.g uniphyllin
  • Lots of interactions with other medications
  • Difficult to tolerate
  • Worth a trial with COPD patients
34
Q

Name 4 components of pulmonary rehabilitation

A
  1. Physical exercise
  2. Dietetics assessment
  3. Disease education
  4. Physiological and social interventions
35
Q

Describe steroid recommendations for COPD

A
  • Oral steroids should be prescribed for all patients with exacerbations (unless major contra indications)
  • 30mg / day for 7 to 14 days
  • Do not discontinue inhaled steroids
36
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs characterised by variability in symptoms and lung function

37
Q

Name 4 symptoms of asthma diagnosis

A
  1. Wheeze
  2. Cough
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Chest tightness
38
Q

Name 2 objective measures of asthma

A
  1. > 20% diurnal variation on at least 3 days in one week on PEFR chart
  2. > 15% increase in FEV after short acting bronchodilator or 30mg / day prednisolone for 2 weeks
39
Q

Name 3 general treatments for asthma

A
  1. Allergen avoidance
  2. Environmental (smoking and air pollution)
  3. Alternative medicine (no evidence)
40
Q

Name 3 ways severe asthma can be diagnosed

A
  1. Severe dyspnoea - Unable to complete sentences
  2. Tachypnoeic > 25 mins
  3. Tachycardic > 110 min
41
Q

Describe treatment of severe asthma exacerbation

A
  • Moderate exacerbation treatment
  • Call ambulance
  • Oxygen > 60% if available
42
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Gradual replacement of normal lung parenchyma with fibrotic tissue

43
Q

Describe why pulmonary fibrosis is termed a restrictive lung disease

A

Scar tissue cannot carry oxygen to the blood stream which leads to irreversible decrease in oxygen diffusion capacity and the lungs become stiff

44
Q

Describe the usual FEV1 and FVC ratio of a patient suffering from pulmonary fibrosis

A

High ratio

45
Q

Describe 5 components of the assessment of interstitial lung diseases

A
  1. History
  2. Bloods
  3. Examination
  4. Pulmonary function
  5. Radiology
46
Q

Describe sarcoidosis

A
  • Multisystem disorder with granulomatous inflammation
  • Most commonly bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with no ILD
  • Affects upper zones of lungs
  • Decreased FVC factors
  • Usually steroid responsive
47
Q

Describe extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA)

A
  • Inflammation of the alveoli caused by hypersensitivity to organic dusts
  • Occupational / hobby
  • Acute symptoms of fever, cough and malaise
  • Chronic symptoms of cough, dyspnoea, fatigue, weight loss
  • Can use steroids to settle alveolitis
48
Q

Name 3 connective tissue diseases

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis
  2. Scleroderma
  3. Dermatomyositis
49
Q

Describe asbestosis

A
  • Typically basal interstitial fibrosis developing 20 years after exposure
  • Dose dependent
  • Pleural plaques, restrictive lung function and basal crackles
  • Increased risk for lung cancer

Systemic Disease in Dentistry (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions