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Systemic Disease in Dentistry > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 components of the full blood count

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. White cell count
  3. Platelet count
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2
Q

Describe 5 components of the normal adult red cell values

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. Haematocrit
  3. Red cell count
  4. Mean cell haemoglobin
  5. Mean cell volume
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3
Q

Name 5 types of white blood cells in order of most to least common

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
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4
Q

What is the normal range of platelet count?

A

150-400 x 10⁹/l

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5
Q

What is the normal range of total leucocytes in the white cell count?

A

4-11 x 10⁹/l

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6
Q

What is anaemia?

A

A reduction in haemoglobin concentration in the blood, resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity

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7
Q

Name 5 common symptoms of anaemia

A

1 .Shortness of breath on exercise

  1. Weakness and lethargy
  2. Palpitations and headaches
  3. Cardiac failure or angina
  4. Visual disturbances
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8
Q

Name 4 signs of anaemia

A
  1. Pale pallor
  2. Hyperdynamic circulation, tachycardia
  3. Congestive cardiac failure
  4. Retinal haemorrhages
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9
Q

Name 4 causes of anaemia

A
  1. Lack of ingredients to make haemoglobin
  2. Failure of blood marrow to make red cells
  3. Loss of blood (bleeding)
  4. Destruction of red cells
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10
Q

Name 3 ingredients needed to make haemoglobin

A
  1. Iron
  2. Vitamin B12
  3. Folic acid
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11
Q

Name 3 types of anaemia with regards to classification

A
  1. Microcytic hypochromic
  2. Normocytic normochromic
  3. Macrocytic
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12
Q

What is MCV?

A
  • Mean cell volume

- The size of a cell

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13
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • Mean cell haemoglobin

- Amount of haemoglobin present

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14
Q

Describe MCV and MCH in microcytic anaemia

A
  • MCV < 80fl

- MCH < 27pg

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15
Q

Name 5 possible causes of microcytic anaemia

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Thalassaemia
  3. Anaemia of chronic diseases
  4. Lead poisoning
  5. Sideroblastic anaemia
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16
Q

Describe MCV and MCH in normocytic anaemia

A
  • MCV 80-100fl

- MCH > 26pg

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17
Q

Name 5 possible causes of normocytic anaemia

A
  1. Anaemia of chronic diseases
  2. Acute blood loss
  3. Renal disease
  4. Bone marrow failure
  5. Haemolytic anaemias
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18
Q

Describe the MCV of macrocytic anaemia

A

MCV > 100fl

19
Q

Name 2 types of macrocytic anaemia

A
  1. Megaloblastic

2. Non-Megaloblastic

20
Q

Name 2 causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency

2. Folate deficiency

21
Q

Name 4 causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Liver disease
  3. Myelodysplasia
  4. Aplastic anaemia
22
Q

Highlight the major differences between microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anaemia

A

Microcytic - Cells present are too small

Normocytic - Reduced numbers of cells present but cells which are present are normal

Macrocytic - Cells are bigger than normal so divide abnormally so not enough cells present in blood

23
Q

Describe how an iron deficiency is treated

A

Oral supplement e.g ferrous sulphate 200mg TID on an empty stomach

24
Q

Describe 5 clinical symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia

A
  1. Insidious onset of symptoms
  2. Lemon yellow jaundice
  3. Glossitis and angular stomatitis
  4. Purpura (bruising)
  5. Neuropathy (subacute) combined with degeneration of cord
25
Q

Describe pernicious anaemia

A
  • Autoimmune attack on the gastric mucosa leading to atrophy of the stomach
  • F > M
  • Tends to occur in families
26
Q

What happens to neutrophils during macrocytic anaemia?

A

They become hypersegmented as they grow more before dividing

27
Q

What are 2 treatment options for macrocytic anaemia?

A
  1. Vitamin B12 injections

2. Folic acid

28
Q

Name 4 classifications of leukaemia

A
  1. Acute myeloid leukaemia M0-M7
  2. Acute lymphoblastic L1-L3
  3. Chronic myeloid leukaemia
  4. Chronic lymphoid leukaemia
29
Q

Describe the classification of acute myeloid leukaemia

A 
M0 - Undifferentiated
M1 - Without maturation
M2 - With granulocytic maturation
M3 - Acute promyelocytic
M4 - Granulocytic with monocytic maturation
M5 - Monoblastic
M6 - Erythroblastic
M7 - Megakaryoblastic
30
Q

Describe the classification of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A

L1 - Small blasts with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
L2 - Large heterogenous blasts
L3 - Vacuolated basophilic blasts

31
Q

Name 5 clinical signs of acute leukaemia

A
  1. Tissue infiltration
  2. Bone marrow failure
  3. Anaemia
  4. Infection
  5. Thrombocytopaenia
32
Q

Name 3 commonly seen infections during acute leukaemia

A
  1. Cellulitis
  2. Oral candidiasis
  3. Gum infection and swelling
33
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Malignant lymphocytes which accumulate in the lymph nodes and may spill out into peripheral blood

34
Q

What is the marker of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Reed Sternberg cells

35
Q

Name 5 symptoms of Hodgkin’s disease

A
  1. Fever
  2. Pruritis
  3. Weight loss
  4. Night sweats
  5. Fatigue
36
Q

Describe the clinical implications of Hodgkin’s dsiease

A
  • Peak incidence in young adults and elderly
  • M:F 2:1
  • Painless firm discrete lymph nodes
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Mediastinal and other organ involvement
37
Q

What is the biggest concern with mediastinal involvement in Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Superior vena cava obstruction

38
Q

Name 3 types of treatment for Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. Combination chemotherapy
  2. Autologous stem cell transplantation
  3. Targeted immunotherapy
39
Q

Name 5 clinical implications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  1. Lymphadenopathy
  2. Constitutional symptoms
  3. Oropharyngeal involvement
  4. Bone marrow failure
  5. Abdominal disease
40
Q

Describe treatment focus on high and low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

High - Aggressive treatment with possibility of cure

Low - Treatment to control disease

41
Q

What is the most common haematological malignancy?

A

Multiple myeloma

42
Q

Describe multiple myeloma

A
  • Clonal proliferation of plasma cells
  • Bone marrow failure
  • Bone disease (lytic lesions)
  • Renal failure and hypercalcaemia
43
Q

What happens during multiple myeloma with regards to plasma cells?

A

Plasma cells proliferate without checks and begin to invade other parts of the blood and take over e.g peripheral blood, bone marrow

44
Q

Describe the treatment options of multiple myeloma

A
  • Resuscitation (steroids, fluid, renal support)
  • Oral chemotherapy
  • Bisphosphonates
  • ASCT

Systemic Disease in Dentistry (22 decks)

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