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Systemic Disease in Dentistry > Common GIT Conditions > Flashcards

Common GIT Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe primary function of teeth

A

Function in mastication of bolus by contact of occlusal surfaces

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2
Q

Describe primary function of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing and assistance in chewing and swallowing

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3
Q

Name 3 main salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Sublingual
  3. Submandibular
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4
Q

Describe primary function of saliva

A

Initiation of digestion of complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

Name 5 components of saliva

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Buffers
  3. Glycoproteins
  4. Antibodies
  5. Enzymes
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6
Q

Name 2 types of cells found in gastric glands of the stomach

A
  1. Parietal cells

2. Chief cells

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7
Q

Describe primary function of parietal cells in the stomach

A

Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor

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8
Q

Describe primary function of chief cells in the stomach

A

Secrete pepsinogen

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9
Q

Describe the 3 stages of increasing the surface area of the intestinal wall

A

Plica are small folds containing villi which contain microvilli

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10
Q

Describe the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretion of insulin and glucagons

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11
Q

Describe exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice secretes into small intestine via duct system containing carbohydrases, lipases, nucleases and proteolytic enzymes

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12
Q

Describe 2 functions of the liver

A
  1. Perform metabolic and haematological regulation

2. Production of bile secretes into gallbladder and then duodenum

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13
Q

Describe primary function of large intestine

A

Resorption of water, vitamins and bile salts etc.

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14
Q

Describe the 2 stages of absorption

A
  1. Breakdown of complex molecules by enzymes

2. Absorption of digested nutrients through brush boarder

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15
Q

Name 5 reasons malabsorption may occur

A
  1. Luminal enzymes
  2. Mucosal
  3. Structural
  4. Infective
  5. Non-GI disease
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16
Q

Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with luminal enzymes

A
  1. Cystic fibrosis

2. Chronic pancreatitis

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17
Q

Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with mucosa

A
  1. Coeliac disease

2. Lactose intolerance

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18
Q

Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with structure

A
  1. Crohns disease

2. Intestinal resection

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19
Q

Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with infective agents

A
  1. Bacterial overgrowth

2. Parasitic infection

20
Q

Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with non-GI disease

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Hyperthyroidism

21
Q

Describe the digestion of carbohydrates

A
  • Glycogen converted to α-dextirins, disaccharides and trisaccharides by luminal digestion
  • Products converted to glucose, galactose and fructose by membrane digestion
22
Q

Describe protein digestion

A
  • Low pH of stomach destroys tertiary and quaternary structure
  • Pancreatic proteases in duodenum break proteins into peptides and amino acids
  • Absorption at brush boarder
23
Q

Describe fat absorption

A
  • Bile salts emulsify lipids
  • Pancreatic lipases break down triglycerides
  • Micelle formed from dissolving lipids which diffuses into intestinal epithelia
24
Q

What are 3 things to consider in cases of Apthous ulcers?

A
  1. B12 deficiency
  2. Folate deficiency
  3. Iron deficiency
25
Q

Name 2 conditions which may be caused by vitamin B2 deficiency

A
  1. Glossitis

2. Angular stomatitis

26
Q

Name 4 conditions which may be caused by vitamin C deficiency

A
  1. Scurvy
  2. Gingival oedema and bleeding
  3. Delayed healing
  4. Bruising
27
Q

Name 2 conditions which may be caused by vitamin A deficiency

A
  1. Blindness

2. Dry mucous membranes

28
Q

Name 3 conditions which may be caused by vitamin D deficiency

A
  1. Poorly calcified dentition
  2. Delayed eruption
  3. Rickets
29
Q

Name 1 condition which may be caused by vitamin K deficiency

A

Poor clotting

30
Q

Name 2 water soluble vitamins

A
  1. B2

2. C

31
Q

Name 3 fat-soluble vitamins

A
  1. A
  2. D
  3. K
32
Q

Name 2 inflammatory bowel diseases

A
  1. Ulcerative colitis

2. Crohns disease

33
Q

Describe how IBDs may present in the oral cavity

A
  • Pyostomatitis vegetans

- Tiny yellow pustules on oral mucosa

34
Q

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

A

Simple blood test points to diagnosis

35
Q

Describe Grade I enamel defects in coeliac disease

A

Multiple white and cream opacities with clearly defined margins

36
Q

Describe Grade II enamel defects in coeliac disease

A

Rough enamel surface with patchy symmetric opacities and discolouration

37
Q

Describe Grade III enamel defects in coeliac disease

A

Deep horizontal grooves with large pits and linear discolouration

38
Q

Describe how CREST syndrome may affect the oral cavity

A

Difficult opening the mouth due to tight skin and mouth

39
Q

What is Gardner’s Syndrome?

A
  • Masses of growths within colon which may turn malignant
  • Very rare
  • Enostoses, unerupted teeth and osteomas of mandible present
40
Q

Describe how Peutz Jeghers Syndrome may present

A

Black of purple dots inside the mouth which need to be referred for cancer risk assessment

41
Q

Describe how Osler Weber Rendu may present

A

Blebs on the lips and tongue which may bleed further down the GI tract

42
Q

Describe 5 systemic effects of anorexia

A
  1. Dental erosion
  2. Hypotension
  3. Arrythmias
  4. Anaemia
  5. Osteoporosis
43
Q

What is the most common dental problem with bulaemia?

A

Palatal surface of maxillary anterior teeth may show dissolved enamel due to erosion

44
Q

Describe how GORD affects erosion of teeth

A
  • Dental erosion more common in GORD patients
  • GORD patients have more varied amounts of erosion compared with control
  • Erosion can be amended by treating underlying cause of reflux
  • Usually managed using long term PPI twice a day e.g omeprazole 20mg
45
Q

Name 5 symptoms associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia

A
  1. Difficulty controlling food or saliva in the mouth
  2. Difficulty initiating a swallow
  3. Coughing or choking during swallowing
  4. Repeated swallowing to clear oral cavity
  5. Nasal regurgitation
46
Q

Name 5 possible causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia

A
  1. Dental problems with chewing or xerostomia
  2. Ulceration in oral mucosa
  3. Neurological disorders e.g Parkinson’s
  4. Mechanical obstruction e.g malignancies
  5. Medication

Systemic Disease in Dentistry (22 decks)

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