Common GIT Conditions Flashcards
Describe primary function of teeth
Function in mastication of bolus by contact of occlusal surfaces
Describe primary function of the tongue
Mechanical processing and assistance in chewing and swallowing
Name 3 main salivary glands
- Parotid
- Sublingual
- Submandibular
Describe primary function of saliva
Initiation of digestion of complex carbohydrates
Name 5 components of saliva
- Electrolytes
- Buffers
- Glycoproteins
- Antibodies
- Enzymes
Name 2 types of cells found in gastric glands of the stomach
- Parietal cells
2. Chief cells
Describe primary function of parietal cells in the stomach
Secrete HCI and intrinsic factor
Describe primary function of chief cells in the stomach
Secrete pepsinogen
Describe the 3 stages of increasing the surface area of the intestinal wall
Plica are small folds containing villi which contain microvilli
Describe the endocrine function of the pancreas
Secretion of insulin and glucagons
Describe exocrine function of the pancreas
Pancreatic juice secretes into small intestine via duct system containing carbohydrases, lipases, nucleases and proteolytic enzymes
Describe 2 functions of the liver
- Perform metabolic and haematological regulation
2. Production of bile secretes into gallbladder and then duodenum
Describe primary function of large intestine
Resorption of water, vitamins and bile salts etc.
Describe the 2 stages of absorption
- Breakdown of complex molecules by enzymes
2. Absorption of digested nutrients through brush boarder
Name 5 reasons malabsorption may occur
- Luminal enzymes
- Mucosal
- Structural
- Infective
- Non-GI disease
Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with luminal enzymes
- Cystic fibrosis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with mucosa
- Coeliac disease
2. Lactose intolerance
Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with structure
- Crohns disease
2. Intestinal resection
Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with infective agents
- Bacterial overgrowth
2. Parasitic infection
Name 2 examples of malabsorption caused by issues with non-GI disease
- Diabetes mellitus
2. Hyperthyroidism
Describe the digestion of carbohydrates
- Glycogen converted to α-dextirins, disaccharides and trisaccharides by luminal digestion
- Products converted to glucose, galactose and fructose by membrane digestion
Describe protein digestion
- Low pH of stomach destroys tertiary and quaternary structure
- Pancreatic proteases in duodenum break proteins into peptides and amino acids
- Absorption at brush boarder
Describe fat absorption
- Bile salts emulsify lipids
- Pancreatic lipases break down triglycerides
- Micelle formed from dissolving lipids which diffuses into intestinal epithelia
What are 3 things to consider in cases of Apthous ulcers?
- B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
- Iron deficiency
Name 2 conditions which may be caused by vitamin B2 deficiency
- Glossitis
2. Angular stomatitis
Name 4 conditions which may be caused by vitamin C deficiency
- Scurvy
- Gingival oedema and bleeding
- Delayed healing
- Bruising
Name 2 conditions which may be caused by vitamin A deficiency
- Blindness
2. Dry mucous membranes
Name 3 conditions which may be caused by vitamin D deficiency
- Poorly calcified dentition
- Delayed eruption
- Rickets
Name 1 condition which may be caused by vitamin K deficiency
Poor clotting
Name 2 water soluble vitamins
- B2
2. C
Name 3 fat-soluble vitamins
- A
- D
- K
Name 2 inflammatory bowel diseases
- Ulcerative colitis
2. Crohns disease
Describe how IBDs may present in the oral cavity
- Pyostomatitis vegetans
- Tiny yellow pustules on oral mucosa
How is coeliac disease diagnosed?
Simple blood test points to diagnosis
Describe Grade I enamel defects in coeliac disease
Multiple white and cream opacities with clearly defined margins
Describe Grade II enamel defects in coeliac disease
Rough enamel surface with patchy symmetric opacities and discolouration
Describe Grade III enamel defects in coeliac disease
Deep horizontal grooves with large pits and linear discolouration
Describe how CREST syndrome may affect the oral cavity
Difficult opening the mouth due to tight skin and mouth
What is Gardner’s Syndrome?
- Masses of growths within colon which may turn malignant
- Very rare
- Enostoses, unerupted teeth and osteomas of mandible present
Describe how Peutz Jeghers Syndrome may present
Black of purple dots inside the mouth which need to be referred for cancer risk assessment
Describe how Osler Weber Rendu may present
Blebs on the lips and tongue which may bleed further down the GI tract
Describe 5 systemic effects of anorexia
- Dental erosion
- Hypotension
- Arrythmias
- Anaemia
- Osteoporosis
What is the most common dental problem with bulaemia?
Palatal surface of maxillary anterior teeth may show dissolved enamel due to erosion
Describe how GORD affects erosion of teeth
- Dental erosion more common in GORD patients
- GORD patients have more varied amounts of erosion compared with control
- Erosion can be amended by treating underlying cause of reflux
- Usually managed using long term PPI twice a day e.g omeprazole 20mg
Name 5 symptoms associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia
- Difficulty controlling food or saliva in the mouth
- Difficulty initiating a swallow
- Coughing or choking during swallowing
- Repeated swallowing to clear oral cavity
- Nasal regurgitation
Name 5 possible causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia
- Dental problems with chewing or xerostomia
- Ulceration in oral mucosa
- Neurological disorders e.g Parkinson’s
- Mechanical obstruction e.g malignancies
- Medication
