Diseases of ENT

Question 1

Name 3 areas to look at when carrying out an ear examination

Answer 1

1. Look at the skin and front and behind the pinna
2. Look at the pinna itself
3. Look at the opening of the ear canal

Question 2

Name 5 common ear related problems

Answer 2

1. Hearing loss
2. Ear infections
3. Balance disorders
4. Tinnitus
5. Tumours of the ear

Question 3

Describe how ear infections may be problematic for patients

Answer 3

• Common causes which can be internal or external
• Can be due to ear pierced and unclean
• May mimic jaw and tooth pain
• Hearing loss, pain and crusty skin present

Question 4

Describe how damage to a cranial nerve may lead to balance disorders

Answer 4

Viral labyrinthitis may cause damage to vestibular nerve

Question 5

What is tinnitus?

Answer 5

Noise heard when no noise is present

Question 6

Name 3 things to examine when carrying out a nasal examination

Answer 6

1. Skin and shape of the nose
2. Upper lip and eyes
3. Look up the nose

Question 7

Name 5 common nasal problems

Answer 7

1. Trauma
2. Deformities
3. Adnoidectomy
4. Sinus infections
5. Tumours

Question 8

In what group of patients is adenoidectomy carried out on?

Answer 8

Children

Question 9

Why may sinus lead to facial pain?

Answer 9

Impaired sinus drainage leading to sinusitis

Question 10

Name 4 signs of sinusitis

Answer 10

1. Nasal discharge
2. Congestion
3. Facial pain / pressure
4. Sense of smell issues

Question 11

What is the usual difference between clinical signs of sinusitis and foreign body in nose?

Answer 11

Foreign body tends to be unilateral nasal discharge but sinusitis tends to be bilateral discharge

Question 12

Name 5 causes of facial pain not related to sinusitis

Answer 12

1. Migraine
2. Dental pain
3. Tumours
4. Psychogenic
5. TMJ

Question 13

Name 6 common throat problems

Answer 13

1. Infections
2. Hoarsness / Snoring
3. Swallowing problems
4. Tumours of throat and larynx
5. Thyroid swelling
6. Neck lumps

Question 14

Describe the normal appearance of tonsils

Answer 14

• Should be around the same size in the correct location

- White crypts on the surface are normal

Question 15

Describe the common symptoms and treatment of tonsillitis

Answer 15

• Very sore throat
• Generally unwell with high temperature and dysphagia
• Strep / Viral cause
• More common in young people
• Treatment with co-amoxiclav

Question 16

What is the usual difference between tonsillitis and tonsillar abscess?

Answer 16

Tonsillar abscess tends to be unilateral with uvula pushed to one side and typically presents with trismus

Question 17

Name 3 types of white oral lesions

Answer 17

1. Leukoplakia
2. Candidiasis
3. Ulceration

Question 18

Give a brief overview oral candidiasis

Answer 18

• Thrush of fungal origin
• Pseudomembranous infection
• Plaques can be scraped off
• More common in immunocompromised patients

Question 19

Name 2 common types of oral ulceration

Answer 19

1. Aphthous ulcers

2. Herpetiform ulcers

Question 20

Describe aphthous ulcers

Answer 20

• Superficial up to 1cm
• Painful
• White centre with a red boarder

Question 21

Describe herpetiform ulcers

Answer 21

• Usually numerous

- 1-3mm diameter

Question 22

Describe the classification of neck lumps

Answer 22

1, Midline lumps

2. Lateral lumps

Question 23

Name a type of midline neck lump

Answer 23

Thyroglossal cysts

Question 24

What is the common cause of lateral neck lumps?

Answer 24

Infection of the salivary glands (usually parotid)