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CPR Exam 1 > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting Portion of breathing

A

Air passes these to get to Gas exchange

  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Paranasal Sinus
  3. Nasopharynx —> oropharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Terminal Bronchioles
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2
Q

Respiratory Portion of breathing

A

Gas exchange

  1. Respiratory Bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
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3
Q

Respiratory Epithelium is what

A

Pseudostratified columnar
+ CILIA
- has lamina Propria (Vascularized with many capillaries)

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4
Q

The respiratory epithelium has other cells in it

GOBLET CELLS

A

5%-15%

Secrete mucus into the airways

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5
Q

The respiratory epithelium has other cells in it

BRUSH CELLS

A

Short blunt microvilli

= chemosensory cells —> sensory nerve fibers

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6
Q

The respiratory epithelium has other cells in it

BASAL CELLS

A

Stem cells on the basement membrane

Non-ciliated

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7
Q

The respiratory epithelium has other cells in it

SMALL GRANULE CELLS

A

Like basal cells only have secratory granules

= endocrine cells for DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system)

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8
Q

Nasal cavity 3 parts

A
  1. Nasal Vestibule = right inside nostrils (skin)
  2. Respiratory region = inferior 2/3 of nasal cavity (respiratory mucosa)
  3. Olfactory Region = at apex upper 1/3 of nasal cavity (specialized olfactory mucosa)
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9
Q

Nasal Cavity function

A

Adjust to temperature + humidity of air coming in

Turbinate bones increase SA

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10
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces in the bones of the walls of nasal cavity (respiratory epithelium with narrow openings to communicate with NC)
= mucus made inside —> NC
*high risk of infection after upper resp. Viral infection = drainage

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11
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

Has goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells small granule cells

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12
Q

Olfactory mucosa is located exactly where and what type of epithelium

A

Covers the superior conchae bilaterally
Pseudostratified columnar, non-motile ciliated + NO goblet cells
* Has Olfactory Bowmans glands : dissolve odors (Serous)
*Has smell receptors

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13
Q

Olfactory Receptory N (ORNs)

Histology and characteristics

A

1 dendrite
Specialized, nonmotile cilia + odorant receptor
LIGAND BINDING R.
*Brush cells : ciliated columnar ——> CN5

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14
Q

The Larynx histology

A
  • Cartilage
    1. Hyaline : thyroid, cricoid, inferior arytenoid cartilage
    2. Elastic : epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, superior arytenoid cartilage
  • Skeletal M (movement)
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15
Q

Epiglottis

Function and 3 parts

A

Prevents swallowed food entering airway

  1. Core : Elastic cartilage
  2. Lingual surface : strat. Squamous
  3. Laryngeal surface : transition to ciliated Pseudostratified columnar
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16
Q

Larynx

Vestibular Folds

A

Respiratory epithelium + serous glands + LN

Superior fold - CANT move

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17
Q

Larynx

Vocal Folds

A 
Nonkaritinized strat. Squamous + elastic CT
(Inferior fold - MOVE)
= protects from abrasion
= sound and phonation 
* vocal lig connected to edge of folds
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18
Q

Laryngitis

A 
Inflamed larynx (virus or allergy)
= hoarse voice (lamina Propria edema changes shape of vocal folds)
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19
Q

Croup

A

In children and young children

Hoarseness and load harsh coughs (laryngeal mucosa edema)

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20
Q

7 components of nasal cavity ——> segmented bronchus (bronchi)

A
  1. Resp. Epithelium
  2. Goblet Cells
  3. SM
  4. Ciliated cells
  5. Glands
  6. Hyaline cartilage (decreases with each level)
  7. Elastic Fibers
21
Q

4 components of bronchiole—> terminal bronchiole—> respiratory bronchioles

A
  1. Resp. Epithelium
  2. Ciliated cells (decrease each level)
  3. SM (decrease each level)
  4. Elastic Fibers
22
Q

3 components of alveolar duct

A
  1. Resp. Epithelium
  2. Elastic Fibers
  3. SM (very little)
23
Q

Alveolar sacs and alveoli components

A

Respiratory Epithelium

Elastic Fibers

24
Q

Trachea basic histology
What keeps it open
Divides into

A

Short flexible air tube , Resp.Epithelium
Open due to stacked cartilage rings
Divides into main or primary bronchi

25
Q

Trachealis muscle location

A

SM between the cartilage rings of trachea

26
Q

esophagus is behind what and lined by what

A

Behind the trachea and lines by strat. Squamous non-keratinized

27
Q

Trachea detailed Histology

A

Elastic fibers and goblet cells in = lamina Propria
Dense CT + Hyaline cartilage (C-shaped) = submucosa
Adventitia

28
Q

Bronchi histology

Where does it enter and 3 parts

A

Resp epithelium
At Hilum of lung
Primary (main) —> Secondary (lobular) —> Tertiary (segmental)

29
Q

Bronchi detailed histology

A

Fewer goblets
PRIMARY : complete cartilage rings
SECONDARY —> TERITIARY : more complete cartilage replaced by hyaline cartilage

30
Q

Bronchioles
Start after what structure
Enters what
Branches into what

A

Starts after terminal branches of tertiary bronchi
Enter pulmonary lobule
5-7 TERMIAL bronchioles

31
Q

Bronchioles histology large —> terminal branches

A

Larger : resp epithelium—> simple columnar cilia
Terminal : Simple columnar —> simple cuboidal cilia

  • NO glands NO cartilage NO submucosa
  • SM
32
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic bronchiole inflammation + SM constriction = obstructs airflow
—> bronchospasm (air has hard time moving in and out from aveoli)
= eosinophils, lymph’s, mast cells fill the airway
= thick bronchiolar epithelium with HIGH GOBLETS cells + hyperplastic SM +enlarged BVs

33
Q

Terminal Bronchioles Histology

And what does it secrete

A

Simple cuboidal + CLUB cells(no cilia + secretory granules)

  1. Surfactant : lipoprotein and mucins —> epithelium surface
  2. Detoxification : by SER of inhaled Xenobiotics
  3. Anti microbial peptides +cytokines : local immune defense
34
Q

Terminal Bronchioles divide into

A

2 respiratory bronchioles

35
Q

Respiratory bronchioles
Histology
Branches into

A

Have the alveoli on it
Simple cuboidal + elastic fibers + SM
Alveolar ducts—> alveolar rings —> alveolar sacs —> alveoli

36
Q

Alveolar duct histology

A

Attenuated squamous cells

37
Q

Alveolar rings

A

SM and collagen and elastic fibers forming a ring around alveolar ducts

38
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Clusters of +2 alveoli

Ends of alveolar ducts and along its length

39
Q

Alveoli Histology

A

Simple squamous + BVs

  • has alveolar pores : for air movement
  • intralveolar septum : between alveoli
40
Q

Interalveolar septum

A

Fibroblasts, ECM, elastic(expand and contraction) and reticular (prevent excessive distention or collapse) fibers
HIGH CAPILLARIES

41
Q

Alveolar walls have what 2 types of cells

A
  1. Type 1 pneumocytes : squamous cells *gas exchange + most abundant lining the alveolus surface
  2. Type 2 pneumocytes : large and round, bulge + MANY CLUB cells (*make surfactant)
42
Q

Macrophages in the alveoli or interalveolar septum

A

Dust cells

43
Q

What do the walls of the alveoli help create

To keep blood out from alveoli

A

Blood-Air- Barrier

44
Q

3 components making the BAB

A
  1. 2-3 thin highly attenuated alveolar cells
  2. Basal Lamina fused with capillary endothelium
  3. Thin endothelial capillary cells
45
Q

Emphysema
What happens
Causes
Risks

A

Permanent enlargement of air spaces inside alveolar sacs (due to rupture of alveolar walls) distal from terminal bronchiole (enlargement of BV)
= airflow obstruction from narrowing of bronchioles + flatten
= not many alveolar walls, —> open enlarges alveolar sac only
Lost a huge part of gas exchange
Smoking, inhaling long-term coal dust or particulate materials

46
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lung tissue inflammation
air spaces filled with WBC (neutrophils), RBC, fibrin
=enlarged capillaries with manyyy RBCs (vascular congestion)
= Red hepatization stage
* lung is red, firm, heavy (little air space)

47
Q

Pulmonary and bronchiole arterial supply enter lung where and anastomoses at what level

A

The Hilum of the lung by the respiratory bronchioles

48
Q

Difference in terminal Bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

A

Terminal : have CLUB cells

Respiratory : have alveoli

49
Q

Surfactant prevent alveolar collapse by

A

Increase SA and decrease surface tension

CPR Exam 1 (20 decks)

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