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CPR Exam 1 > Body Cavities And Respiratory Embryology > Flashcards

Body Cavities And Respiratory Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the intraembryonic Coelom develop

A

In the lateral plate and cardiogenic mesoderm

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2
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom do in the lateral plate

A

Divides it into 2 parts

  1. Somatic : PARIETAL = continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm over amnion
  2. Splanchnic : VISCERAL = continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm over umbilical vesicle
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3
Q

Somatopleure

A

Somatic mesoderm over ectoderm = form body wall

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4
Q

Splanchnopleure

A

Splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm = gut

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5
Q

What does the IEC (intraembryonic coelom) divide into

A
  1. 1 pericardial cavity
  2. 2 pleural cavities
  3. 1 peritoneal cavity
    * lined by mesothelium from somatic + Splanchnic mesoderm
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6
Q

How in the coelom after head fold

A

The head bends down forming the pericardial cavity

On either side on the back are 2 tubes = pericardioperitoneal canals on either side of the gut

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7
Q

Before body folding the embryo in is what form

A

Coelom is flat and horseshoe shape

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8
Q

What are the 4 steps of the 4 head folds

A
  1. Embryo elongates cranial and Caudal wk4
  2. Head grows down curling pushing head down and the cardiac stuff with it (septum transversum)
  3. Heart moves from above head to below it in the chest area
  4. Endoderm from foregut
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9
Q

Tail Folding

A

before folding the primitive streak is cranial to cloaca membrane

  1. Curls under like the head part
  2. Primitive streak is caudal to cloaca membrane + CM is also under now part of the curled part
  3. Cloaca : makes part of bladder and rectum
  4. Allantois : also pulled under makes urinary tract
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10
Q

Lateral Folding is driven by and gives rise to what

A

Somites and axial musculature, CT, dermis

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11
Q

Lateral Folding steps

A
  1. The lateral folds fuse with each other : 2 tubes made the body wall(somatic) and gut wall(Splanchnic)
  2. Omphaloenteric duct (Vitelline duct is made)
  3. Intraembryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm narrow = umbilical cord
  4. Amniotic cavity expands to obliterate EEC
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12
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Bowel is uncovered and exposed out the umbilicus and floating in amniotic fluid

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13
Q

Congenital Epigastric Hernia

A

Midline bulge of and
Lateral folds closed however not as tight
So bowel is covered by skin and subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

A bent tube name the 3 sections from head to most caudal of the 2 tubes
How are they separated

A 
Head is pericardial cavity (heart cavity)
Pericardioperitoneal canals (lung cavity)
Peritoneal cavity (Cecal cavity)
*2 folds grow from dorsal end to separate these
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15
Q

Pleuropericardial folds

A

Separates the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavity (heart and lungs formed and separated)
* cranial of the 2 folds

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16
Q

Pleuroperitoneal folds

A

Separates the pleural vanities from peritoneal cavity (lung and Gut formed and separated)
*caudal of the two folds

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17
Q

Pleuropericardial membrane

A

From the pleuropericardial folds

Separates lungs more posterior and heart more anterior

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18
Q

What causes the pleuropericardial membrane to fuse

What week

A

The growth of the lungs WEEK 7

*also extends centrally

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19
Q

The ends of lung buds grow ventral also which causes what

A

The additional tube around heart
= inner layer fibrous pericardium
And also outer later thoracic wall
* also done by the pleuropericardial folds

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20
Q

Pleural cavity is what

A

From the pericardiaoperitoneal canals which forms the lung

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21
Q

What do the pleuroperitoneal folds fuse with and what week

A

Dorsal mesentery of esophagus and septum transversum WEEK 6

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22
Q

What helps the pleuroperitoneal fold close

A

The myoblasts

The right side closes first

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23
Q

what does the septum transversum become

A

Central tendon of diaphragm *
Heart is inside it
Fuses with the dorsal mesentary of the esophagus and pleuroperitoneal membrane

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24
Q

What does the pleuroperitoneal membrane form

A

Primordial diaphragm

Fuses with dorsal mesentery of esophagus and septum transversum

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25
Q

Dorsal mesentery forms what

A

The median portion of diaphragm

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26
Q

Myoblasts form what

A

Crura of the diaphragm

Forms from the dorsal mesentery

27
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm is what

A

Phrenic nerve from C3-C5

28
Q

What causes the phrenic nerve to innervates the diaphragm

A

The myoblasts pull it as is passes the pleuroperitoneal membranes and into the fibrous pericardium

29
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

A

Usually on the left side
Lack of myoblasts —> pleuroperitoneal membrane = weak + viscera bulges into pleural cavity
- can also delay lung maturation since intestines go up there

30
Q

Where is the Laryngotracheal groove

2 features

A

Right under the 4th Pharyngeal pouch

  • has Splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm
  • forms the Laryngotracheal diverticulum
31
Q

The Endoderm of the Laryngotracheal groove forms what

A

Pulmonary epithelium and glands for the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

32
Q

The Splanchnic mesoderm of the Laryngotracheal groove forms what

A

Comes from the lateral plate

Forms CT, cartilage, SM of lungs, larynx, trachea and bronchi

33
Q

What does the Laryngotracheal diverticulum extend and become

A

The Respiratory bud —> bifurcates (by *treacheoesophageal fold—> septum) to primary bronchi buds

34
Q

What do the primary bronchi buds form

A

The ventral one = Laryngotracheal tube : LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS
The dorsal one = OROPHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS

35
Q

What does the mesenchyme form from 2 swellings

A

It form the 2 arytenoid swellings = laryngeal inlet for air (primordial glottis)

36
Q

When does recanalization happen and wha this formed

A

Week 10

The laryngeal ventricles = vocal and vestibular folds

37
Q

Cartilage of Larynx forms from

A

Mesenchyme of PA 4 and 6

38
Q

Epithelial lining of larynx forms from

A

Endoderm of Laryngotracheal tube on cranial most end

39
Q

The epiglottis forms from

A

The hypopharyngeal eminence from the PA 3 and 4 mesenchyme

40
Q

Laryngeal muscles form from

A

PA 4 and 6 myoblasts

41
Q

Laryngeal Atresia

A

X recanalization of the larynx
CHAOS : congenital high airway obstruction syndrome
= fetal ASCITES and fluid in airway

42
Q

What separates the airway and esophagus

A

The growth of the epiglottis being in contact with the soft palate

43
Q

The laryngeal diverticulum forms what

A

2 primary bronchial buds + trachea

44
Q

Where does the trachea CT, cartilage, muscle

And trachea glands and epithelium come from

A

The Laryngotracheal diverticulum Splanchnic mesoderm

The Laryngotracheal diverticulum Endoderm

45
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistulas

A

Abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea
DUE TO endoderm foregut not developing fast enough
= ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA (blind esophagus)

46
Q

Atresia

Fistula

A

Degeneration of a part of an organ or structure

Connection

47
Q

Treacheoesophageal Fistula Sx:

A

X swallow + drool a lot
Regurgitate food when fed
Gastric contents can go into lungs and trachea
-* can become polyhydroamnions fluid in uterus (no swallowing of amniotic fluid)
*air in GI

48
Q

What do the respiratory buds form as they grow and bifurcate

A

Primary bronchi buds

49
Q

The primary bronchial buds grow how

A

Laterally into the inside of the pericardioperitoneal canals

Induced by FGF for Splanchnic mesenchyme and endoderm to communicate

50
Q

Primary bronchial buds branch into wha that week

A

Secondary and tertiary bronchial buds WEEK 5

51
Q

what happens week 7

A

The Bronchopulmonary Segments form

= segmented bronchi (endoderm) and Splanchnic mesenchyme around it

52
Q

LUNG MATURATION

Psudoglandular stage

A

Week 5-17
Looks exocrine gland like
ALL elements of lung there EXCEPT AIR EXCHANGE
= fetus can’t survive

53
Q

LUNG MATURATION

Canalicular stage

A

Week 16-25
Vascularization
Respiratory bronchioles, primordial alveolar and sacs from
= can have possibility to survive by here

54
Q

LUNG MATURATION

Terminal sac stage

A 
Week 24- birth 
Many alveoli from 
Epithelium thins and a lot of vascularization 
Type 1 and type 2 cells = surfactant 
Gas exchange 
= definitely survivable fetus
55
Q

LUNG MATURATION

Alveolar stage

A

Week 32-8yo
Alveolocapillary membrane form
Primitive alveoli a lot of them
——> mature alveoli

56
Q

How long do new alveoli form

A

Until 8yo

95% of alveoli mature after birth

57
Q

As the bronchi tree develops The Splanchnic mesoderm forms what 3 things

A
  1. Cartilaginous plates in bronchi
  2. Bronchial SM and CT
  3. Pulmonary capillaries and CT
58
Q

Fetal Breathing movements

A

Prepares lungs for birth
Inhales amniotic fluid in uterus
Fluid leaves when baby is birthed through vagina

59
Q

Pulmonary agenesis

A

Unilateral agenesis: absence of a lung or lobe + bronchi

=X respiratory bifurcation

60
Q

Pulmonary Hyperplasia

A

Respiratory buds bifurcates however thorax increased P causes a lung to be small and not developed all the way
* common is oligohydraminos (<500ml) esp earlier in gestation

61
Q

Oligohydramnios Potters Sequence

A
  1. Renal Agensis
    = X amniotic fluid
  2. Pulmonary Hyperplasia
  3. Fetal Compression (defected hands and feet and face)
62
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A

Low surfactant made,
= labored breathing after birth
= lungs underinflated,
= type 2 cells cant make surfactant, alveoli have fluid

63
Q

RDS Sx:

A 
Tachypnea, nasal flaring 
Alveoli look glassy membraned on images (opacification)
Cyanosis 
Rib cage retraction 
Grunting

CPR Exam 1 (20 decks)

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