Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

Where are the determinants of UA patency?

Answer 1

Anatomical factors
Transmural pressure
Pharyngeal compliance
Upper airway muscle activity
Lung volume
Sleep/wake step
Behaviour

Question 2

Describe the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Answer 2

Narrow pharyngeal airway
Repeated sleep disruption
Recurrent hypoxaemia and hypercapnia

Question 3

What does sleep apnoea look like on a polysonography?

Answer 3

Sats drop
High variation in airflow

Question 4

What are the morbidities of sleep apnoea?

Answer 4

Insulin resistance
Metabolic dysfunction
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Neurocognitive dysfunction
Hypersomnolence

Question 5

What causes congenital central hypoventilation syndrome?

Answer 5

Gene mutation - phox2b

Question 6

What does this mutation affect?

Answer 6

Neurons
Profound loss of CO2 chemosensitivty

Question 7

What does CCHS result in?

Answer 7

Hypoventilation and central apnoea

Question 8

What causes central apnoea?

Answer 8

Apnoea of prematurity
Congestive heart failure
High altitude
Drug-induced
Sudden death in epilepsy

Question 9

What causes diaphragm dysfunction?

Answer 9

Phrenic nerve injury
Muscular dystrophies
Ventilator induced
Sepsis
Malnutrition

Question 10

What causes respiratory insufficiency?

Answer 10

Lung diseases
Respiratory diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases
Spinal injury
Cancer