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FM1030 Physiology > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the path of action potentials in the respiratory system?

A

Sensors to respiratory centres to effectors

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2
Q

How can one adjust their breathing?

A

Change in rate
Change in respiratory motor nerve activity

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3
Q

What are respiratory centres?

A

Multi sub nuclei within the medulla oblongata

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4
Q

How is physiological pH established?

A

By the communion of O2 and CO2

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5
Q

What may be relayed to the following inhalation?

A

Deviations from the set point

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6
Q

What part of the brain is critical for automatic breathing?

A

Medulla oblongata

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7
Q

What part of the brain is required for perfect breathing?

A

The pons

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8
Q

What are the pillars of the respiratory control system?

A

Chemical control
Protective receptors
Complex functions

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9
Q

What is the dominant message sent to the respiratory control system?

A

Chemical control

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10
Q

What is the main role of chemical control?

A

Blood gas homeostasis

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11
Q

Name a complex function of the respiratory control system?

A

speech

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12
Q

Name a protective response of the respiratory control system

A

Cough

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13
Q

What are the two major influences of breathing?

A

CNS
Sensory queuing

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14
Q

What is alveolar ventilation usually coupled with?

A

Whole body metabolism

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15
Q

What is the role of suprapontine structures?

A

Send direct and indirect neural circuits to respiratory centres

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16
Q

Give an example of a suprapontine site.

A

Amygdala

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17
Q

What is another way that suprapontine sites function?

A

Hijacking motor pathways

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18
Q

Define hyperventilation.

A

Breathing in excess of metabolic needs

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19
Q

What does hyperventilation cause and what does this lead to?

A

Hypocapnia
Creates acid-base disturbance

20
Q

Define hyperpnoea.

A

Increased breathing that matches the metabolic needs

21
Q

Define tachypnoea.

A

Increased respiratory rate above normal; often shallow, rapid breathing

22
Q

What is tachypnoea detected by?

A

J receptors

23
Q

What is the role of J receptors?

A

Detect pulmonary congestion in lungs

24
Q

Define hypoventilation.

A

Breathing sufficient to meet metabolic needs yet decreased rate of breathing

25
Q

What does hypoventilation cause?

A

Hypercapnia

26
Q

Define apnoea.

A

Absence of air flow due to lack of respiratory effort or airway obstruction

27
Q

What is a common cause of apnoea?

A

Opioid overdose

28
Q

Define dyspnoea.

A

Laboured breathing/shortness of breath

29
Q

What causes dyspnoea?

A

Passive lack of movement of thoracic structures

30
Q

Which part of the brain is a relay station for afferent information?

A

NTS

31
Q

What is the function of the pre Botzinger Complex?

A

Generates rhythm
Inspiratory oscillator

32
Q

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Inspiratory and expiratory neural activity

33
Q

What is the function of the Botzinger complex?

A

Expiratory centre

34
Q

What is the conditional oscillator/expiratory centre in the brain?

A

Parafacial respiratory gorup

35
Q

Which muscles are obligatory to be used during respiration?

A

Inspiratory muscles i.e. diaphragm

36
Q

Which muscles are conditional muscles in respiration?

A

Expiratory muscles such as abdominals

37
Q

When are expiratory muscles used?

A

Only during active breathing

38
Q

Where in the brain is a chemosensitive CO2 site?

A

Retrotrapezoid nucleus

39
Q

What does the post-inspiratory complex do?

A

Controls early post inspiratory outflow

40
Q

During respiration, what is the role of the inspiratory oscillator?

A

Generates spontaneous inspiratory rhythm

41
Q

What is the respiratory pattern determined by?

A

Network activity
Neuromodulation

42
Q

What are the three phases of respiration?

A

Inspiratory phase
Early expiration phase
Late expiration phase

43
Q

Describe the inspiratory phase of respiration

A

Critical for ventilation
Activates obligatory and accessory muscles
Upper airway dilation facilitates airflow

44
Q

Describe the early expiratory phase of respiration

A

Critical for slowing of expiratory flow
Laryngeal narrowing protects functional residual capacity

45
Q

Describe the late expiratory phase of respiration

A

Essential for active breathing
Abdominal muscle recruitment facilitates large tidal volume

FM1030 Physiology (10 decks)

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