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Med/Surg > Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

infection of mucus membranes of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, upper trachea, or larynx

A

Upper respiratory infections (URI’s)

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2
Q

Peritonsillar abscess is

A

Pus due to an infection behind the tonsil. Very serious!

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3
Q

A severe sinus infection can become a

A

brain infection

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4
Q

An adenoidectomy is performed if patient has

A

too many infections

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5
Q

I&D

A

Incision and drainage (for abcess)

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6
Q

External (lungs):

A

gas exchange of CO2 and Oxygen

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7
Q

Chronic bronchitis is progressive or non-progressive?

A

Progressive

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8
Q

Common causes of atelectasis

A

Hypoventilation, compression, airway obstructions, adhesions

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9
Q

Internal (cellular):

A

gas exchange at cells

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10
Q

Closure or collapse of alveoli

A

Atelectasis

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11
Q

Clinical Manifestations of atelectasis:

A

SOB, cough, sputum production

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12
Q

Assessment findings of atelectasis:

A

Increased WIB, hypoxemia, decreased breath sounds, crackles

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13
Q

Diagnosing atelectasis:

A

Chest xray

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14
Q

Prevention of atelectasis :

A

frequent turning, early mobilization, strategies to expand lungs
INCENTIVE SPIROMETER

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15
Q

Complete obstruction of an airway caused by:

mucus plug
foreign body
tumors
bronchospasm

A

Resorption atelectasis

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16
Q

Increased volume in the pleural space caused by
fluid (transudate, exudate, blood)

A

Compression atelectasis

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17
Q

Focal or generalized fibrosis of the lung/pleura
Prevents full lung expansion
irreversible atelectasis

A

Contraction atelectasis

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18
Q

Inflammation of bronchial walls with increase mucus production

A

Acute Bronchitis

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19
Q

S/S of Acute Bronchitis

A

Cough, green/yellow sputum, malaise, low grade fever, headache, sore throat congestion

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20
Q

Causes of acute bronchitis:

A

Viral (90%), bacterial, environmental

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21
Q

R/O PNA

A

Rule out pneumonia

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22
Q

Diagnosing acute bronchitis:

A

R/O PNA, physical exam

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23
Q

Management of acute bronchitis:

A

Supportive – OTC to expectorate, NSAID or acetaminophen for aches, antibiotics only if bacterial, inhalers, manage symptoms, hydrate

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24
Q

Acute bronchitis:

When to call MD

A

fever comes back, hemoptysis, difficulty breathing

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25
Q

if acute bronchitis doesn’t resolve, it becomes

A

CHRONIC BROCHITIS

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26
Q

Parenchyma:

A

any form of the lung tissue: bronchioles, bronchi, blood vessels, interstitium, and alveoli

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27
Q

Inflammation reaction produces exudate and WBC that fills the normally air- filled spaces of alveoli & bronchiole

A

Pneumonia

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28
Q

Inflammation of Lung Parenchyma

A

Pneumonia

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29
Q

If edema and excess secretions of alveoli:

A

gas exchange affected

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30
Q

Lobar pneumonia:

A

large portion of 1 or more lobes involved

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31
Q

Bronchopneumonia:

A

patchy areas within the lung (more common)

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32
Q

With pneumonia, there is fear that the infection will go into

A

The bloodstream

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33
Q

3 Types of pneumonia:

A

Bacterial :staphylococcal, legionella
Viral: COVID, RSV
Aspiration: chemical or food

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34
Q

Streptococcal pneumonia

A

sudden onset -Chills, rapidly rising fever, pleuritic chest pain aggravated by deep breathing
Pt looks ill, RR 25-45

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35
Q

RSV not at bad as

A

bacterial

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36
Q

Orthopnea –

A

SOB when laying down

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37
Q

A peculiar broken quality of the voice sounds, like the bleating of a goat, heard about the upper level of the fluid in cases of pleurisy with effusion

A

egophony

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38
Q

Low BP, HR, may see peripheral cyanosis
with

A

pneumonia

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39
Q

Four ways of acquiring pneumonia

A

Community acquired
Healthcare acquired
Hospital acquired
Ventilator acquired

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40
Q

also known as walking pneumonia

A

community acquired pneumonia

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41
Q

Bacteria that causes pneumonia

A

Strep, mycoplasma, Haemophilus influenza, c. pneumonia, legionella, RSV

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42
Q

S. Aureus causes

A

sepsis

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43
Q

Diagnosing pneumonia

A

History, physical examination, chest xray
Auscultation of lungs: rhonchi
Sputum and blood cultures

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44
Q

When antibiotics are not working (for pneumonia), this is performed

A

brochoscopy

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45
Q

Obtaining sputum for C&S

A

Best if done in the morning
No mouthwash, food, or drink before
May brush teeth

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46
Q

Patients too weak to cough ->

A

suction

47
Q

This device can help to trend hemoglobin

A

pulse oximeter

48
Q

This is done to mobilize secretions

A

Chest PT

49
Q

Pneumonia management:

Promote Fluid Intake to 2-3 liters /day unless it is

A

A cardiac patient

50
Q

Pneumonia management:

Observe for s/s of

A

hypoxemia…restlessness, cyanosis (late)

51
Q

Huffing and puffing can cause

A

fatigue

52
Q

Infectious disease the affects the lung parenchyma. May travel via lymph and blood to other parts of body

A

Tuberculosis

53
Q

Airborne transmission via talking, coughing, sneezing, laughing or singing.

A

Tuberculosis

54
Q

Patho of tuberculosis

A

Bacteria is deposited in alveoli and begin to multiply – immune response is initiated

55
Q

10% of latent tuberculosis will become

A

active

56
Q

Bacteria can remain dormant in _____% of people: LATENT

A

90% of people

57
Q

TB CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

A

Low grade fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss
Cough – nonproductive, mucopurulent or hemoptysis
Lungs sounds: diminished, crackles, fremitus, egophony

58
Q

TB DIAGNOSIS

A

Chest XRAY: lesions
Sputum culture : AFB (but not all AFB is M. tuberculosis)
Mantoux test
Blood tests: QuantiFERON-TB Gold & T-SPOT

59
Q

mantoux test reading

A

Measure the area of induration, not redness

60
Q

Positive TB test could mean

A

active or latent

61
Q

Anti-TB agents are taken for

A

6-12 months

62
Q

Increasing drug resistance to TB – need to use

A

4 or more meds

63
Q

Latent TB – consider

A

treating

64
Q

How to take TB meds

A

Take med on empty stomach or at least 1 hr before meals

65
Q

using force of gravity to promote removal of bronchial secretions

A

Postural drainage

66
Q

rare type of TB, spread via blood to other parts of body

A

Miliary tb

67
Q

Air gets trapped in the lungs, hard to get out

A

Air Trapping

68
Q

Primary cause of COPD

A

Smoking primary cause- cilia destroyed, secretions retained, alveolar walls destroyed

69
Q

Genetic COPD:

A

Problem with the alveoli, usually starts at age 20. alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency- effects alveoli (younger patients)

70
Q

Elderly patients with COPD–

A

elastic recoil decreases, they can not expectorate

71
Q

Abnormal distention of the airspaces & destruction of alveoli walls. Alveoli overinflate, collapse upon expiration

A

EMPHSEMA

72
Q

Resistance to pulmonary blood flow causes increase BP in pulmonary artery
Leads to right sided heart failure (edema due to backup)

A

EMPHSEMA

73
Q

Respiratory acidosis as carbon dioxide elimination impaired

A

EMPHSEMA

74
Q

Presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years.
Irritant such as smoke, causes inflammatory response and hypersecretion of mucus
Creates narrowed spaces in bronchus
Increased mucus & plugging, impairing ciliary function
Bronchial walls thicken, adjacent alveoli become damaged and fibrosed.

A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS (COPD)

75
Q

Diagnosing COPD

A

ABG (High O2)
Pulmonary function test - (decreased)
Chest x-ray (late disease, dilated airways)

76
Q

Weight loss in COPD patient because

A

dyspnea interferes with eating and work of breathing uses calories

77
Q

COPD patients have a higher risk for

A

lung cancer

78
Q

Cardinal Symptoms of COPD exacerbation:

A

Increased dyspnea, increase in sputum, and sputum purulence

79
Q

Barrel chest: usually with

A

emphysema

80
Q

Too much oxygen –

A

can decrease respiratory drive worsening hypercapnia

81
Q

Too much CO2 in blood

A

hypercapnia

82
Q

ABG if patient is

A

de-saturating , altered mental status

83
Q

Oxygen level (nasal cannula) for COPD

A

1-2L

84
Q

Bipap and Cpap blows off extra

A

CO2

85
Q

High flow nasal cannula supplied

A

warmed humidified air up to 60L, usually given at low FiO2

86
Q

High Flow nasal cannula can be used at a low FIO2, it rids CO2 from .

A

deadspace because of force it is blown in

87
Q

Most common chronic disease of childhood

A

Asthma

88
Q

Allergy is number one factor in

A

Asthma

89
Q

Asthma triggers:

A

Airway irritants such as cold, heat, weather changes, smoke, strong odors, hormones, stress, exercise, URI’s, GERD

90
Q

Carpeting and heavy drapes can

A

collect dust and dander

91
Q

Med given to reduce inflammatory response in asthma

A

singulair

92
Q

In asthma, there is very fast constriction, the lumen gets

A

small causing wheezing

93
Q

Asthma:

Patient will not lay down because of

A

fear of drowning

94
Q

At home Peak Flow rate Meter, colors and meanings

A

Green zone – normal
Yellow zone – use Rescue Inhaler
Red zone – get to some help ASAP

95
Q

Labs for asthma:

A

ABG’s, IgE

96
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobin E (allergy response)

97
Q

Magnesium IV counteracts

A

calcium

98
Q

Mucus plugging from bronchospasm can lead to

A

asphyxia if not treated

99
Q

a severe condition in which asthma attacks follow one another without pause

A

STATUS ASTHMATICUS

100
Q

ER treatment involves

A

IV steroids, magnesium

101
Q

SNS opens

A

lungs and airways

102
Q

MOA of Beta 2 adrenergic agonists:

Bronchodilation-

A

binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptor

103
Q

Quick relief asthma med that is short acting

A

albuterol (ventolin)

104
Q

Quick relief asthma med that is used during an asthma attack

A

Levalbuterol, terbutaline

105
Q

Long Term Inhaled (slower onset) meds

A

Salmeterol (Servant)
Formoterol

106
Q

Long-Acting Oral used to prevent asthma before exercise

A

albuterol

107
Q

Epinephrine Mechanism of action:

A

reacts on alpha and beta receptor sites in SNS to cause vasodilation

108
Q

Epinephrine causes

A

severe cardiac effects

109
Q

Quick relief anticholinergic:
Ipratropium (Atrovent)

A

**NOT EFFECTIVE IN EXERCISE INDUCED ATTACK

110
Q

Long Term anticholinergic to prevent asthma

A

Tiotropium (Spiriva)

111
Q

the 2 meds in duoneb

A

Albuterol and Ipratropium

112
Q

quick acting nebulizer that causes tachycardia

A

Duoneb

113
Q

Give bronchodilator first then

A

steroid

114
Q

thins mucus

A

Mucolytics

Med/Surg (17 decks)

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