Antibiotics and Anti-infective Medications Flashcards by Audrey Mejia

Signs of Infection

Fever
Lethargy
Classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain)

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The cell wall retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol

Gram-positive

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The cell wall loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol

Gram-negative

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Depends on oxygen for survival

Aerobic

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Do not use oxygen- deep in body

Anaerobic

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Type of drug that can cause SUPERINFECTIONS

Broad spectrum antibiotics

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Opportunistic infections such as thrush can be caused by

broad spectrum antibiotics

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Substances that prevent growth of bacteria

Bacteriostatic

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Substances that kill bacteria directly

Bactericidal

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It is best to find an antibiotic that falls between

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

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Lower than normal neutrophils in blood

Neutropenia

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Older adults can be at risk for toxicity due to

metabolizing and secretion problems

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Avoid antibiotic resistance by

using the appropriate antibiotics properly

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Bacteria can change

binding sites and permeability

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Sometimes a reaction to antibiotics is not a true allergy, but a

side effect

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aminoglycoside can accumulate in

the kidneys and cause neurotoxicity

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Chloroquinoline can cause

hallucinations

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Meropenem can cause

GI toxicity

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Drug Action:

Inhibit synthesis cell wall in susceptible bacteria, causing cell death

Penicillin

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Indications

Treatment infections by streptococcal, pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and other susceptible bacteria

Penicillin

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Pharmacokinetics

Well absorbed from the GI tract
Excreted unchanged in the urine

Penillin

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Bactericidal and can CROSS BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Penicillin

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Some Bacteria develop enzyme beta-lactamase which inactivates penicillin. What would be added to penicillin to deactivate the enzyme?

Beta lactamase inhibitor such as Clavulanate
Ex. Augmentin (Amoxicillin and Clavulanate)

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Drug used to treat STI’s and endocarditis

Penicillin

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Can treat bacterial meningitis

Penicillin

If patient allergic to penicillin, then 30% cross sensitivity to

Cephalosporins.

Reactions to Penicillin

RASHES PRURITIS DIFFICULTY BREATHING DIARRHEA N/V GI upset Stomatitis

Swelling of mouth and lips

Stomatitis

Drug that peaks at 1 hr with a duration of 6-8 hrs

Amoxicillin

Group of powerful antibiotics used treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Group of drugs that are used in place of penicillin

aminoglycosides

Group of drugs that binds to DNA

aminoglycosides

Drugs that are poorly absorbed with lots of side effects, causes bone marrow suppression, toxic to kidneys, and ototoxicity

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides list

Gentamicin (Garamycin) Neomycin (Mycifradin) Streptomycin Amikacin

Pharmacokinetics: Poorly absorbed from GI tract but rapidly absorbed after IM injection Widely distributed throughout body, crossing placenta and entering breast milk Excreted unchanged in urine Depends on kidney for excretion and toxic kidney (Nephrotoxic)

Aminoglycosides

Nursing consideration for aminoglycosides

Monitor kidney function and Level of medication in blood

2 aminoglycosides that must be monitored

gentamicin and vancomycin

Lowest concentration of medication in blood

trough

Labs that may be drawn for gentamycin and vancomycin

peak : 30-60 min after dose through: 1 hr before next dose

Antibiotic drugs that treat various infections caused by susceptible strains bacteria; (acne, STD’s, travelers diarrhea, GU & GYN)

Tetracyclines

Pharmacokinetics: Adequately absorbed from the GI tract Concentrated in the liver, excreted unchanged in the urine

Tetracyclines

Contraindications: Allergy, pregnancy, and lactation Adverse Effects: In fetus damage to bones and teeth>>> GI* N/V/D, Causes bone marrow suppression Drug-to-Drug Interactions oral contraceptive therapy, digoxin etc

Tetracyclines

No Food- No Dairy with

Tetracyclines

GIVE 1 HR Before OR 2 HRS AFTER a Meal or other Med

Tetracyclines

broad spectrum antibiotic that cannot be taken with calcium because it binds to it

tetracyclines

tetracyclines can be taken

New broad spectrum antibiotic that can be used to treat endocarditis

Carbapenems

Used to Treat gram neg & gram positive intra-abdominal, bone/joint, GU conditions

Carbapenems

Given through IV slowly Causes N/V/D hypovolemia

Carbapenems

Nursing considerations for Carbapenems

Monitor for N/V/D, electrolytes (potassium) and hypovolemia

Carbapenem drug

ertapanem

Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

Sulfonamides

Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis Action: Interfere with the cell wall–building ability of bacteria when they divide Indications: Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the GI tract Metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine

Sulfonamides

Contraindications: Allergy, pregnancy Adverse Effects: GI symptoms; Renal effects related filtration of drug (increase fluids 3L) Sensitivity to sun Drug-to-Drug Interactions: Cross sensitivity with thiazide diuretics Sulfonylureas TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

Sulfonamides

sulfonamide drug

cotrimoxazole

If taken together, sulfonamide and sulfonylureas can cause

hypoglycemia

Chemical that inactivates enzyme in bacteria

Beta lactamase inhibitor

drug that should not be taken with alcohol or anti-coagulants

Cephalosporins

FIRST GENERATION Cephalosporins

cefazolin (KELFEX)

SECOND GENERATION Cephalosporins

cefaclor (CECLOR)

THIRD GENERATION Cephalosporins

ceftriaxone (ROCEPHIN)

FOURTH GENERATION Cephalosporins

cefepime (MAXIPINE)

FIFTH GENERATION Cephalosporins

ceftaroline (Teflaro)

Cephalosporins affective against MSRA

ceftaroline (Teflaro) and cefepime (MAXIPINE)

“mycin”

MACROLIDES

Used before dental procedures to prevent infection in heart valve pts allergic to penicillin

MACROLIDES

MACROLIDES drugs

"Mycins" Azithromycin (Zithromax) or Z-Pack Erythromycin

BLACK BOX warning for people who take corticosteroids: Tendonitis, tendon rupture, neuropathy

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolone drugs

Ciprofloxacin and Levaquin

Syndrome characterized by sudden and severe hypotension, fever, chills, paresthesia, and erythema of the neck and back.

Red Man syndrome

Can be nephrotoxic and cause kidney failure

Vancomycin

Oral/IV antibiotic given for C.Diff

Lipoglycopeptide: VANCOMYCIN

Lincosamide drug

clindamycin (cleocin)

Antibiotic that can also serve as an anti-depressant

Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)

Antibiotic that can also serve as an MAOI

Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)

MAOI

Anti-depressants

Antibiotic that can treat pneumonia, diabetic foot ulcers, and skin infections

Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)