Antibiotics and Anti-infective Medications Flashcards
Signs of Infection
Fever
Lethargy
Classic signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, and pain)
The cell wall retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol
Gram-positive
The cell wall loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol
Gram-negative
Depends on oxygen for survival
Aerobic
Do not use oxygen- deep in body
Anaerobic
Type of drug that can cause SUPERINFECTIONS
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Opportunistic infections such as thrush can be caused by
broad spectrum antibiotics
Substances that prevent growth of bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Substances that kill bacteria directly
Bactericidal
It is best to find an antibiotic that falls between
bacteriostatic and bactericidal
Lower than normal neutrophils in blood
Neutropenia
Older adults can be at risk for toxicity due to
metabolizing and secretion problems
Avoid antibiotic resistance by
using the appropriate antibiotics properly
Bacteria can change
binding sites and permeability
Sometimes a reaction to antibiotics is not a true allergy, but a
side effect
aminoglycoside can accumulate in
the kidneys and cause neurotoxicity
Chloroquinoline can cause
hallucinations
Meropenem can cause
GI toxicity
Drug Action:
Inhibit synthesis cell wall in susceptible bacteria, causing cell death
Penicillin
Indications
Treatment infections by streptococcal, pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and other susceptible bacteria
Penicillin
Pharmacokinetics
Well absorbed from the GI tract
Excreted unchanged in the urine
Penillin
Bactericidal and can CROSS BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Penicillin
Some Bacteria develop enzyme beta-lactamase which inactivates penicillin. What would be added to penicillin to deactivate the enzyme?
Beta lactamase inhibitor such as Clavulanate
Ex. Augmentin (Amoxicillin and Clavulanate)
Drug used to treat STI’s and endocarditis
Penicillin
Can treat bacterial meningitis
Penicillin
If patient allergic to penicillin, then 30% cross sensitivity to
Cephalosporins.
Reactions to Penicillin
RASHES
PRURITIS
DIFFICULTY BREATHING
DIARRHEA
N/V
GI upset
Stomatitis
Swelling of mouth and lips
Stomatitis
Drug that peaks at 1 hr with a duration of 6-8 hrs
Amoxicillin
Group of powerful antibiotics used treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Group of drugs that are used in place of penicillin
aminoglycosides
Group of drugs that binds to DNA
aminoglycosides
Drugs that are poorly absorbed with lots of side effects, causes bone marrow suppression, toxic to kidneys, and ototoxicity
aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides list
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
Neomycin (Mycifradin)
Streptomycin
Amikacin
Pharmacokinetics:
Poorly absorbed from GI tract but rapidly absorbed after IM injection
Widely distributed throughout body, crossing placenta and entering breast milk
Excreted unchanged in urine
Depends on kidney for excretion and toxic kidney (Nephrotoxic)
Aminoglycosides
Nursing consideration for aminoglycosides
Monitor kidney function
and
Level of medication in blood
2 aminoglycosides that must be monitored
gentamicin and vancomycin
Lowest concentration of medication in blood
trough
Labs that may be drawn for gentamycin and vancomycin
peak : 30-60 min after dose
through: 1 hr before next dose
Antibiotic drugs that treat various infections caused by susceptible strains bacteria; (acne, STD’s, travelers diarrhea, GU & GYN)
Tetracyclines
Pharmacokinetics:
Adequately absorbed from the GI tract
Concentrated in the liver, excreted unchanged in the urine
Tetracyclines
Contraindications:
Allergy, pregnancy, and lactation
Adverse Effects:
In fetus damage to bones and teeth»>
GI* N/V/D, Causes bone marrow suppression
Drug-to-Drug Interactions
oral contraceptive therapy, digoxin etc
Tetracyclines
No Food- No Dairy with
Tetracyclines
GIVE 1 HR Before OR 2 HRS AFTER a Meal or other Med
Tetracyclines
broad spectrum antibiotic that cannot be taken with calcium because it binds to it
tetracyclines
tetracyclines can be taken
PO
New broad spectrum antibiotic that can be used to treat endocarditis
Carbapenems
Used to Treat gram neg & gram positive intra-abdominal, bone/joint, GU conditions
Carbapenems
Given through IV slowly
Causes N/V/D
hypovolemia
Carbapenems
Nursing considerations for Carbapenems
Monitor for N/V/D, electrolytes (potassium) and hypovolemia
Carbapenem drug
ertapanem
Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis
Sulfonamides
Drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis
Action:
Interfere with the cell wall–building ability of bacteria when they divide
Indications:
Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
Pharmacokinetics:
Well absorbed from the GI tract
Metabolized in the liver, excreted in the urine
Sulfonamides
Contraindications:
Allergy, pregnancy
Adverse Effects:
GI symptoms;
Renal effects related filtration of drug (increase fluids 3L)
Sensitivity to sun
Drug-to-Drug Interactions:
Cross sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
Sulfonylureas
TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
Sulfonamides
sulfonamide drug
cotrimoxazole
If taken together, sulfonamide and sulfonylureas can cause
hypoglycemia
Chemical that inactivates enzyme in bacteria
Beta lactamase inhibitor
drug that should not be taken with alcohol or anti-coagulants
Cephalosporins
FIRST GENERATION Cephalosporins
cefazolin (KELFEX)
SECOND GENERATION Cephalosporins
cefaclor (CECLOR)
THIRD GENERATION Cephalosporins
ceftriaxone (ROCEPHIN)
FOURTH GENERATION Cephalosporins
cefepime (MAXIPINE)
FIFTH GENERATION Cephalosporins
ceftaroline (Teflaro)
Cephalosporins affective against MSRA
ceftaroline (Teflaro) and cefepime (MAXIPINE)
“mycin”
MACROLIDES
Used before dental procedures to prevent infection in heart valve pts allergic to penicillin
MACROLIDES
MACROLIDES drugs
“Mycins”
Azithromycin (Zithromax) or Z-Pack
Erythromycin
BLACK BOX warning for people who take corticosteroids:
Tendonitis, tendon rupture,
neuropathy
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolone drugs
Ciprofloxacin and Levaquin
Syndrome characterized by sudden and severe hypotension, fever, chills, paresthesia, and erythema of the neck and back.
Red Man syndrome
Can be nephrotoxic and cause kidney failure
Vancomycin
Oral/IV antibiotic given for C.Diff
Lipoglycopeptide: VANCOMYCIN
Lincosamide drug
clindamycin (cleocin)
Antibiotic that can also serve as an anti-depressant
Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)
Antibiotic that can also serve as an MAOI
Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)
MAOI
Anti-depressants
Antibiotic that can treat pneumonia, diabetic foot ulcers, and skin infections
Oxazolidinones – linezolid (Zyvox)
