Diabetes Nursing Care and Management Flashcards
Hypergylcemia caused by defect in insulin secretion or insulin action or both
Diabetes
beta cells produce
hormones
Glycemic control reduces
complications
CVD
Coronary vascular disease
90% of cases are type _____
Type 2
Transports & Metabolizes glucose for energy in the cells
Insulin
Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver as glycogen
Insulin
Signals the liver to stop producing glucose
Insulin
Assists with the storage of fat into adipose cells
Insulin
Accelerates the transport of amino acids into the cells
Insulin
Prevents the breakdown of stored glucose, fat, and protein
Insulin
Sugar breaks down ______ first then _____ then ______
Sugar breaks down glucose first then fat then protein
Is a protein sparing hormone
Insulin
Primarily a disease of insulin deficiency
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin producing beta cells (pancreas) are destroyed by genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors.
Type 1 Diabetes
Results in decreased to absent insulin production, unchecked glucose production by the liver, and hyperglycemia.
Type 1 Diabetes
Affects 5% of adults with diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Primarily a disease of INSULIN RESTIANCE and/or Impaired insulin secretion
Type 2 Diabetes
Slow, progressive glucose intolerance may go undetected for years.
Type 2 Diabetes
Autoimmune disease attacks pancreatic cells at a later age
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA)
Condition where blood sugars begin to increase, putting person at future diabetes
Pre-Diabetes / Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Believed to be an autoimmune reaction to insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Some viruses can trigger an autoimmune response leading to
Type 1 diabetes
Body still produces insulin but is resistant or impaired secretion
Type 2 diabetes
gestational diabetes testing is done at
24-28 weeks
diabetes can be postponed with
diet and exercise
What factors increase blood sugar in the body?
Sedentary lifestyle, excessive sugar in diet, stress (cortisol released), or medications
What decreases blood sugar in the body?
Insulin, exercise, diet, and medications
Synthroid
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Birth control pills
GLUCAGON
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
INSULIN
Oral diabetic meds
Beta blockers
Alcohol
Decreases blood glucose
during meals, insulin ____
goes up
Hormone secreted by Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)
Insulin
After 8-12 hrs without food, the liver begins to form glucose from the
breakdown of proteins and fats (gluconeogenesis)
Pancreas also has alpha cells secreting glucogon to break up ______ stores in liver
glycogen
normal fasting range
70-120
hypoglycemia range
<70
hyperglycemia range
> 120
Number where excess glucose spills from blood into urine
180-200
Occurs because water follows glucose and polyuria and polydipsia occur.
Osmotic diuresis
Hormone made in the intestine that assists in releasing insulin
GLP
Three “Ps”
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger or increased appetite
In type 1 diabetes, because of no insulin the body uses ____ and ____ to survive
body fat and protein
RBC lifespan
120 days
Normal A1C
5-5.7
Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test
A1C
Normal, non-diabetic A1C
between 5.0 – 5.7
Controlled diabetic A1C is .
6.4 or less
Diagnosing diabetes
An A1C of ≥6.5 on 2 separate days
A low to negative C-peptide blood test indicates
Type 1 or insulin deficiency
C peptide is formed when
insulin is produced
If C-peptide is zero, patient has
Type 1 diabetes
If C-peptide is present, patient has
Type 2 diabetes