Respiratory diseases of swine I Flashcards by Laura Westman

Pig lung lobes.

Right Lung (4 lobes):
* Cranial (anterior) lobe
* Middle lobe
* Caudal (posterior) lobe
* Accessory lobe

Left Lung (3 lobes):
* Cranial lobe (which is subdivided into cranial and caudal parts)
* Caudal lobe

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Normal respiration rate in:
Piglets and growing pigs
Finishing pigs
Sows in gestation

Piglets and growing pigs 25-40
Finishing pigs 25-35
Sows in gestation 15-20

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Particles greater than 10-µm diameter mostly removed before reaching the bronchial tree due to trapping in the mucus layer epithelium in the airways. What size particles reach the alveoli?

Particles less than 5-µm are able to reach the alveoli (phagocytes).

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Name 10 respiratory diseases (last 2 are not only respiratory).

Swine Infectious Atrophic Rhinitis (pasteurella)
Porcine enzootic pneumonia (mycoplasma)

Actinobacillosis (gram neg- bacteria)
Pneumonic pasteurellosis

Glässer’s disease (gram neg. Haemophilus parasuis)
PRRS (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, arterivirus)

Swine influenza
Porcine respiratory corona virus

PCV2 (circovirosis)
Aujeszky’s disease (herpes virus)

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Most common/likely secondary pathogens in swine lungs. (6)

Streptococci (non-hemolytic, α-hemolytic)
E. coli

Klebsiella
Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma hyorhinis

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Parasitic causes of cough in swine. (5)

Ascaris suum (large roundworm with lung migratory phase)
Metastrongylus (pig lungworm)

Toxoplasma (protozoan)
Chlamydia (gram neg. bacterium)
Pneumocystis (yeast-like fungus)

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large roundworm with lung migratory phase to affect pigs

Ascaris suum

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pig lungworm

Metastrongylus

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Etiology and progression of Swine infectious atrophic rhinitis.

2 types of infectious atrophic rhinitis in pigs, both are chronic:

Non-progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by toxigenic strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida alone or with other agents (B. bronchiseptica).

ZOONOSIS

Ca:P balance contributes
Genetic predisposition contributes (e.g. Yorkshire pigs more sensitive)

Susceptible: cats, dogs, rabbits, white rats, guinea pigs, sheep.

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Swine infectious Non-progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by

toxigenic strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica.

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Swine infectious Progressive atrophic rhinitis caused by

toxigenic Pasteurella multocida alone or with other agents (B. bronchiseptica).

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Where do swine usually catch Swine infectious atrophic rhinitis?

Dam is a possible source of the important nasal infection.

B. Bronchiseptica survives in soil 6 weeks,
on cloth 3 days, on paper for a few hours.

P. multocida in manure for a month.

Incubation period 3-15 days. Incubation period 3-15 days. Due to chronic nature of dz, signs aren’t seen until piglets are older.

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Clinical signs of swine infectious atrophic rhinitis. (8)

Incubation period 3-15 days.
Due to chronic nature of dz, signs aren’t seen until piglets are older.

Serous- serous-purulent rhinitis (initial sign)
Sneezing, coughing

Growth reduction
Bronchopneumonia

Maxillary hypoplasia
Facial asymmetry

Deformation of facial bones (much later sign)

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Post mortem lesions seen in swine infectious atrophic rhinitis OTHER THAN loss of nasal turbinates.

bronchopneumonia

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Diagnosis of swine infectious atrophic rhinitis is based on? (3)

Ddx? (2)

Diagnosis:
* Clinical signs (deformation of face is very typical)
* Pathological findings
* Serology (but not if herd is vaccinated)

Dif. Diagnoses:
* Influenza (early stages can look like this)
* Fibrous osteodystrophy (later stages can look like this)

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Tx of Swine Infectious Atrophic Rhinitis. (4)

AB (trimethoprim, sulfonamides)
Management (hygiene, air quality for lung health) and feeding (Ca:P)

Vaccination
Depopulation

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Etiology of respiratory mycoplasmosis
(called Porcine enzootic pneumonia when complexed).

(1+4 bacteria +3 viruses)

**Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MAIN AGENT)

Complex when combined with:
Pasteurella multocida
Streptococcus suis

Haemophilus parasuis
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

PRRSV (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, arterivirus)
PCV2 (circovirosis)
SIV (swine influenza virus)

Chronic with high morbidity, low mortality.
Mycoplasma Is sensitive to the environment.

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Respiratory mycoplasmosis (Porcine enzootic pneumonia) affects what age groups, incubation period length and what age do clinical signs onset?

Sows are carrier pigs

Piglets susceptible around of 3-14 weeks old.

Their Critical period is 15-20 days/2-3 weeks post weaning.

Incubation period up to 8 weeks.

Onset of clinical signs at 3-6 months of age.

Chronic with high morbidity, low mortality.

Transmission of Respiratory mycoplasmosis
(Porcine enzootic pneumonia).

Direct contact & aerogenic (by wind up to 2.5- 3km).

Chronic with high morbidity, low mortality.

Clinical signs of acute Respiratory mycoplasmosis
(Porcine enzootic pneumonia). (6)

Acute mycoplasmosis is rare, usually its chronic.

coughing
respiratory distress
fever
anorexia
listlessness, prostration

high mortality (chronic does not have high mortality but does have high morbidity)

Clinical signs of chronic Respiratory mycoplasmosis
(Porcine enzootic pneumonia). (3)

Mosst commonly is chronic with low mortality, but rare cases of acute with can kill.

Persistent and dry, non-productive cough!

Some pigs breathe heavily.
Decreased average daily gain.

Pathological findings/ post mortem lesions found in Respiratory mycoplasmosis (Porcine enzootic pneumonia). (5)

Catarrhal pneumonia affecting apical, cardiac and diaphragmatic lobes. Sharply demarcated thickened areas of inflammation, blueish red in color.

Bronchi and bronchioles filled with catarrhal exudate.

Bronchial lymph nodes swollen, hyperemic.

Pleuritis
Pericarditis

Diagnosis of Respiratory mycoplasmosis (Porcine enzootic pneumonia) involves: (5)

Epizootic situation (has your neighbor had it?)

Clinical signs (that dry cough is typical)

Pathological findings (catarrhal well-demarcated apical pneumonia very typical)

Microbiological findings (mycoplasma needs special media)

Serological tests

Ddx for Respiratory mycoplasmosis (Porcine enzootic pneumonia) (4)

Pasteurellosis

Infectious atrophic rhinitis (causes resp. signs and pneumonia in same area too)

Ascariasis (causes cough too)

Other pneumonias

Tx of Respiratory mycoplasmosis (Porcine enzootic pneumonia) (3)

Tetracyclines, Tylosin, Tiamulin (an AB) Feeding and management Vaccination

Etiology of Actinobacillosis. (3)

Agent gram neg. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (previous names Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae & H. parahaemolyticus) * Biotype I - 13 serotypes (some of them toxic) * Biotype II - 2 serotypes

Transmission of Actinobacillosis. (3)

Direct, indirect contact and aerosol transmission. Can survive only for a short time in the environment.

Actinobacillosis morbidity & mortality and affected age group.

Morbidity 10-50% so can even be quite low. Mortality is quite high, up to 80%. Weaners are most affected (not really adult pigs).

Progression/ courses of Actinobacillosis. (4)

Hyperacute Acute Subacute Chronic

Clinical signs of acute Actinobacillosis. (10)

Pyrexia Anorexia Listlessness Slight diarrhea and vomiting Typical: Cyanotic skin on the nose, extremities, ears, progressing to whole body. Dyspnoea Dog sitting position (easier to breathe) Open mouth breathing Septicemia Death in 24-36 hours

Clinical signs of subacute Actinobacillosis. (10+)

Many animals affected simultaneously. Increased body temperature (40,5-41ºC). Skin hyperaemia Depression Reluctantance to move Anorexia Lack of thirst Dyspnoea Cough Cardiac insufficiency Loss of body condition

Clinical signs of chronic Actinobacillosis. (6)

Cough (of varied intensity) Decrease of growth Inability to tolerate exercise but may be hard to discern. Secondary infections Abortions Otitis media

Pathological findings / post mortem lesions found in Actinobacillosis. (4)

Bilateral pneumonia with well demarcated patches of dark, hard inflammation all over the lungs. In Chronic: abscess-like nodes with strong capsules of varied size develop. Fibrinous pleuritis Bloody exudate in the thoracic cavity

Diagnosis of Actinobacillosis involves: (4)

Clinical signs (cyanotic signs on extremities, dog sitting with dyspnea) Pathological findings (send the lungs) Bacteriology Serology

Tx of swine actinobacillosis. (3)

AB: Penicillins, Cephalosporin, Colistin, Trimethoprim Management (air quality!) and feeding well and balanced. If you have actinobacillosis, check your farm for Mycoplasmosis too. Vaccination against mycoplasma in order to control actinobacillosis cause they're a complex.

Etiology of Pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Pasteurella multocida: 5 serotypes (A, B, C, D, E) which produce Toxins. A & D are most common serotypes. Basically found in all swine farms.

Courses/forms of Pneumonic pasteurellosis. (3)

Acute type Subacute type Chronic type

Describe acute Pneumonic pasteurellosis. (8+)

Caused by Pasteurella multocida: Serotype B. Is a rare form, has not occurred in Europe. Dyspnoea Abdominal breathing Listlessness High fever Red skin on abdomen Toxic shock Death

Describe subacute Pneumonic pasteurellosis. (4)

Affects feeder pigs and porkers. Cough Abdominal breathing Presents similar to actinobacillosis.

Describe chronic Pneumonic pasteurellosis and signs. (3)

The most common form. Cough Normal or somewhat increased body temperature.

Pathological findings / post mortem lesions in pneumonic pasteurellosis. (6)

Croupous pneumonia, abscesses, partial necrosis of the lungs (severe cases). Fibrinous pleuritis (typical to Pasteurella!) and pericarditis. Yellowish fluid with fibrin flakes in the thorax and pericardium. Hematomas on serous and mucous membranes. Laryngeal and pharyngeal connective tissue edema. Enlargement of bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes.

Diagnosis of Pneumonic Pasteurellosis involves: (4)

Clinical signs (aabdominal breathing; similar to actinobacillus) Pathological findings (croupous pneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis) Bacteriology Serology

Tx of pneumonic pasteurellosis. (3)

management! mycoplasma is often in bad husbandry set ups antibiotics like oxytetracycline and penicillin vaccination! they are complex vaccines

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Respiratory diseases of swine I Flashcards

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