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NUTRITION CARE > RESPIRATORY DISEASES > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the lungs?

A

gas exchange - inhaling oxygen that we need to oxidize macromolecules and removing carbon dioxide from our systems

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2
Q

where is gas exchange done?

A

alveoli

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3
Q

describe the roles of type 1 and type 2 alveoli cells

A

type 1: responsible for gas exchange
type 2: alveoli cells produce surfactant decrease surface tension to avoid the alveoli to collapse after exhalation

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4
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluids in the pleura (layer that allows the lungs to expand) - causing shortness of breath

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5
Q

what is atelectasis

A

when lungs collapse

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6
Q

describe how nutrition impacts pulmonary function

A
  • strength and endurance of respiratory muscles
  • lung parenchyma –> increased incidence of pulmonary infection
  • antioxidant protection - inadequate intake of antioxidants could lead to increased oxidative injury of the lung tissues
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7
Q

how do pulmonary functions impact nutrition>

A
  • energy expenditure
  • dietary intake (early satiety, anorexia)
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8
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

autosomal recessive disease
- disease caused by genetic mutation which will impair the function of the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance)
- CTFR is the sodium and chloride transport and so there will be abnormal transport leading to viscous/thick mucus secretion from epithelial surfaces

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9
Q

what is progressive lung disease?

A

inability to clear mucus from the lungs - mucus prevents entrance of different particles which will increase the change that we are exposed to possible infections
- chronic inflammation can lead to losing the functions of our lungs
- increased risk of infection

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10
Q

what is pancreatic insufficiency

A

malabsorption of fats
- steatorrhea (excessive amounts of fat in poops) –> poor growth pattern
- main causes of malnutrition in patients with CF

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11
Q

how are cystic fibrosis and diabetes related

A

(10-15% of adults)
- inflammation and accumulation of fibrous tissues in the pancreas - interferes with normal insulin production

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12
Q

what are the CF diagnosis

A
  • all newborns are screened with serum testing
  • fecal elastase test (elastase is a digestive enzyme) - may have pancreatic insufficiency if cannot find elastase in stools or lower values
  • sweat chloride test (considered gold standard)
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13
Q

what are CF nutrition implications

A
  • pancreatic insufficiency - malabsorption of dietary fat, fat soluble vitamins, and other nutrients
  • increased energy requirements
  • malnutrition –> stunted growth and inadequate weight gain in children
  • osteoporosis –> from fat malabsorption (unabsorbed FA can form soaps and increase secretion of calcium, zinc, and magnesium
  • hyponatremia - loss of sodium in sweat
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14
Q

what are you looking for in the assessment portion of CF?

A
  • anthropometric measurements
  • labs: glucose, albumin, electrolytes, serum vit A, D, E, K, and calcium
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15
Q

intervention for individuals with CF?

A
  • high energy, high protein
  • no need to restrict on fat
  • liberalize high salt diet
  • routine supplementation of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
  • breast milk recommended for first year of life
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16
Q

describe asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway –> airflow obstruction often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment
- restricts airflow to the lungs

17
Q

what is the association between obesity and asthma

A

both inflammatory conditions

18
Q

what are nutrition therapies for asthma

A
  • mediterranean dietary pattern (anti-inflammatory diet)
  • olive oil, omega 3’s, intake of fruit and vegetables (increase antioxidants)
  • long term use of corticosteroids –> increased glycemia and Na retention - watch out
19
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- generalized inflammatory response to pollutants repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and other pollutants
- progressive disease that limits airflow through inflammation of bronchial tubes (bronchitis) or destruction of alveoli (emphysema)

20
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A
  • thickened airways
  • decreased cilia function (inability to clean mucus from the airways)
  • thickened mucus provides an environment prime for bacteria growth
21
Q

what is cor puolmonale

A

complication of COPD
- right sided heart failure (helps remove CO2 - will overwork the right side of the heart)

22
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • destruction of lung tissue
  • loss of connective tissue –> loss of surface area –> decreased surfactant
  • bronchioles collapse during exhalation and cause hyperinflation of the lungs
23
Q

a noticeable clinical manifestation of emphysema

A

barrel chest

24
Q

COPD Treatment

A
  • lifestyle changes (smoking, avoidance of other pollutants, exercise as tolerated)
  • pharmacologic treatment
  • pulmonary rehabilitation
  • lung transplant
25
Q

COPD Nutrition Implications

A
  • increased REE secondary to the work of breathing
  • reduced nutrient intake from:
  • hyperinflation of the lungs with flattening of the diaphragm –> early satiety
  • chronic mouth breathing –> taste perceptions and xerostomia
  • change of breathing patterns and reduced oxygen uptake –> chewing and swallowing difficulties
  • fatigue and reduced functional status
  • weight loss and losses of lean body mass
  • osteoporosis in advanced COPD
26
Q

COPD Nutrition Therapy:

A
  • SFM - alleviate the fullness and bloating
  • nutrient and energy dense foods
  • high kcal and high protein
27
Q

what is respiratory failure

A

occurs when the respiratory system is no longer able to perform its normal functions
- can be caused by low oxygen or excess CO2 or both

28
Q

what is pneumonia

A

infection of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

29
Q

3 diff ways to acquire pneumonia

A
  • community
  • hospital
  • ventilator
30
Q

what is aspiration pneumonia

A
  • aspirate material causes an inflammatory response in the lung
31
Q

some risk factors of aspiration pneumonia

A
  • head injuries, neurological impairments
  • use of paralyzing agents
  • improper positioning of a feeding tube
  • placement of the head of the patient’s bed at a shallow angle
  • hyperglycemia, gastroparesis
32
Q

ways to prevent aspiration pneumonia

A
  • patient’s head to be elevated higher than his or her stomach or at an angle of >30 degrees during feeding
33
Q

what are tracheostomies

A

surgical opening made in the trachea to assist breathing

34
Q

nutrition implications of tracheostomies

A
  • risk of aspiration
  • patients may require a feeding tube
  • viscosity of food makes a difference once the patient is able to eat orally
  • SLP should determine whether the patient can safely swallow food without aspiration
35
Q
A

NUTRITION CARE (16 decks)

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