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NUTRITION CARE > CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

are women or men more at risk for getting heart diseases? is the incidence increasing or decreasing?

A

men are more at risk

incidence is decreasing

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2
Q

what are some lifestyle factors that affect heart disease?

A
  • being smoke free
  • staying physically active
  • eating a healthy diet
  • maintaining a healthy diet
  • limiting alcohol use
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3
Q

define ischemia

A

lack of oxygen (blood flow to the organ is reduced)

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4
Q

describe thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot (could lead to an ischemic stroke)

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5
Q

what is the purpose of LDL

A

transports cholesterol to tissues - vital for production of hormones

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6
Q

what is ApoB

A

protein found on each atherogenic lipid particle (LDL, VLDL, IDL, and chylomicrons)

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7
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure (exerted force on blood vessel walls (mm Hg)

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8
Q

what is systolic and diastolic? what is the first/second number?

A

systolic: heart CONTRACTS
(first number)

diastolic: heart RELAXES
(second number)

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9
Q

what are two main things that regulate BP?

A
  • cardiac output
  • total peripheral resistance
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10
Q

which main organ is regulating BP?

A

kidneys - regulate blood volume and pressure

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11
Q

what is normal BP?

A

<120/80

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12
Q

what are some risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • smoking
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • excess weight
  • alcohol consumption
  • genetics and family history
  • renal disease and adrenal disorders
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13
Q

what are some health behaviour changes to hypertension management?

A
  • increase exercise
  • weight reduction
  • limit alcohol
  • stress management
  • smoking cessation
  • DASH diet
  • limit sodium
  • increase dietary potassium to reduce BP
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14
Q

what types of foods have potassium?

A

fruits and veg!!

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15
Q

how do diuretics help with hypertension?

A

increase urinary output which leads to a decrease in blood volume

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16
Q

how do calcium channel blockers help hypertension?

A
  • causes blood vessels to relax, promotes vasodilation
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17
Q

how do beta blockers help hypertension?

A

decrease heart rate and cardiac output

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18
Q

describe the lifecycle of lipoproteins

A

chylomicron –> VLDL –> IDL –> LDL –> HDL

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19
Q

which lipoproteins distribute cholesterol from the LIVER to the body?

A

VLDL, IDL, LDL

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20
Q

what is total cholesterol?

A
  • total amount of cholesterol circulating (VLDL, LDL, HDL)
21
Q

what is total/HDL cholesterol ratio used for?

A
  • ratio used to estimate CVD risk
  • higher the ratio, the increased risk of CVD
22
Q

what does HDL do?

A

brings cholesterol BACK to the LIVER

23
Q

how are triglycerides transported?

A

in liproproteins, esp VLDL
- main form of fat storage

24
Q

describe atherosclerosis

A
  • a disease of the arteries
  • loss of elasticity and flexibility due to the deposition of plaques of fatty materials in the inner walls
  • restriction of blood flow to the organs and tissues
25
Q

ways to precent atherosclerosis?

A
  • regulate blood glucose levels
  • regulate blood pressure
  • regulate lipid levels in our blood
26
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary artery *artery that brings blood to the heart)

27
Q

what is acute myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack - blood supply to the heart is interrupted

28
Q

how do statins help CVD?

A
  • inhibits HMGCoA reductase (enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA to cholesterol)
29
Q

ways to decrease LDL/ApoB

A
  • decrease trans fat
  • decrease saturated fat
  • increase fiber, MUFA, PUFA
30
Q

how to increase HDL

A
  • active lifestyle
  • good weight
  • less trans fat
31
Q

ways to decrease triglycerides

A

decrease:
- alcohol
- simple sugars
- saturated fat
- inconsistent intake
- extra weight

32
Q

ways to decrease blood sugars

A
  • amount/type of CHO
  • timing of meals
  • meal balance
  • exercise
    -weight/waist
33
Q

describe portfolio diet

A
  • nutes
  • plant protein
  • fiber
  • plant sterols
34
Q

what is omega 3’s effect on CVD

A

none! but can reduce TG levels

35
Q

canadian heart and stroke recommendations:

A
  • include more F&V
  • choose healthier fats - nuts, oils, fish, and avocado
  • 20-35% of total kcal from fat
  • avoid trans fat
  • reduce intake of foods high in saturated fats
36
Q

how does heart failure happen and what are some symptoms

A
  • heart can’t provide body with adequate blood flow
  • symptoms: SOB, fatigue, fluid retention
37
Q

is there a cure to heart failure?

A

no, just management

38
Q

left side of heart role and clinical implications when its weak?

A

role: to pump blood to our body

clinical implications: SOB, pulmonary edema

39
Q

right side of heart role and clinical implications when its weak?

A

role: pump blood to our lungs

clinical implications: ascites, edema in lower limbs, increased volume in abdominal organs

40
Q

difference between compensated heart failure and decompensated heart failure?

A

compensated: symptoms are stable (no fluid retentino or pulmonary edema)

decompensated: deterioration - acute episode of pulmonary edema, reduction in exercise tolerance, and increasing breathlessness on exertion

41
Q

treatment goals for heart failure?

A
  • treat the underlying cause of the cardiac disorder
  • prevent progression of the disease (meds)
  • lifestyle changes
42
Q

nutrition goals for heart failure patients

A
  • manage dyslipidemia
  • blood pressure regulation
  • manage blod sugars
  • healthy weight
  • reduce sodium, alcohol
43
Q

what is ejection fraction?

A

will tell you how severe the heart failure is

44
Q

what is the na and fluid intervention for heart failure patients?

A

restrict
- fluids: <2L/day
- sodium 2000-3000mg/d

45
Q

describe ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke

A

ischemic: loss of brain function caused by a blockage of blood flow

hemorrhagic stroke: loss of brain function caused by rupture of blood vessels (sometimes from high blood pressure)

46
Q

what is transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

episodes of ischemia that lead to momentary symptoms consistent with the loss of oxygen to the brain

47
Q

what is the biggest risk factor of stroke?

A

hypertension

48
Q

clinical signs of s troke

A
  • sudden loss of vision
  • sudden change in speech/understanding
  • sudden paralysis/muscle weakness
  • change in mental status
49
Q

short and longer term interventions for stroke

A

short term:”save” brain tissue - using meds

long term: symptoms management, prevention of further stroke
- lower BP
- normalize blood lipids
- diabetes management
- smoking cessation
- healthy weight and exercise

NUTRITION CARE (17 decks)

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