CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Flashcards
are women or men more at risk for getting heart diseases? is the incidence increasing or decreasing?
men are more at risk
incidence is decreasing
what are some lifestyle factors that affect heart disease?
- being smoke free
- staying physically active
- eating a healthy diet
- maintaining a healthy diet
- limiting alcohol use
define ischemia
lack of oxygen (blood flow to the organ is reduced)
describe thrombosis
formation of a blood clot (could lead to an ischemic stroke)
what is the purpose of LDL
transports cholesterol to tissues - vital for production of hormones
what is ApoB
protein found on each atherogenic lipid particle (LDL, VLDL, IDL, and chylomicrons)
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure (exerted force on blood vessel walls (mm Hg)
what is systolic and diastolic? what is the first/second number?
systolic: heart CONTRACTS
(first number)
diastolic: heart RELAXES
(second number)
what are two main things that regulate BP?
- cardiac output
- total peripheral resistance
which main organ is regulating BP?
kidneys - regulate blood volume and pressure
what is normal BP?
<120/80
what are some risk factors of hypertension?
- smoking
- sedentary lifestyle
- excess weight
- alcohol consumption
- genetics and family history
- renal disease and adrenal disorders
what are some health behaviour changes to hypertension management?
- increase exercise
- weight reduction
- limit alcohol
- stress management
- smoking cessation
- DASH diet
- limit sodium
- increase dietary potassium to reduce BP
what types of foods have potassium?
fruits and veg!!
how do diuretics help with hypertension?
increase urinary output which leads to a decrease in blood volume
how do calcium channel blockers help hypertension?
- causes blood vessels to relax, promotes vasodilation
how do beta blockers help hypertension?
decrease heart rate and cardiac output
describe the lifecycle of lipoproteins
chylomicron –> VLDL –> IDL –> LDL –> HDL
which lipoproteins distribute cholesterol from the LIVER to the body?
VLDL, IDL, LDL
what is total cholesterol?
- total amount of cholesterol circulating (VLDL, LDL, HDL)
what is total/HDL cholesterol ratio used for?
- ratio used to estimate CVD risk
- higher the ratio, the increased risk of CVD
what does HDL do?
brings cholesterol BACK to the LIVER
how are triglycerides transported?
in liproproteins, esp VLDL
- main form of fat storage
describe atherosclerosis
- a disease of the arteries
- loss of elasticity and flexibility due to the deposition of plaques of fatty materials in the inner walls
- restriction of blood flow to the organs and tissues
ways to precent atherosclerosis?
- regulate blood glucose levels
- regulate blood pressure
- regulate lipid levels in our blood
what is coronary heart disease?
atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary artery *artery that brings blood to the heart)
what is acute myocardial infarction?
heart attack - blood supply to the heart is interrupted
how do statins help CVD?
- inhibits HMGCoA reductase (enzyme that converts acetyl-CoA to cholesterol)
ways to decrease LDL/ApoB
- decrease trans fat
- decrease saturated fat
- increase fiber, MUFA, PUFA
how to increase HDL
- active lifestyle
- good weight
- less trans fat
ways to decrease triglycerides
decrease:
- alcohol
- simple sugars
- saturated fat
- inconsistent intake
- extra weight
ways to decrease blood sugars
- amount/type of CHO
- timing of meals
- meal balance
- exercise
-weight/waist
describe portfolio diet
- nutes
- plant protein
- fiber
- plant sterols
what is omega 3’s effect on CVD
none! but can reduce TG levels
canadian heart and stroke recommendations:
- include more F&V
- choose healthier fats - nuts, oils, fish, and avocado
- 20-35% of total kcal from fat
- avoid trans fat
- reduce intake of foods high in saturated fats
how does heart failure happen and what are some symptoms
- heart can’t provide body with adequate blood flow
- symptoms: SOB, fatigue, fluid retention
is there a cure to heart failure?
no, just management
left side of heart role and clinical implications when its weak?
role: to pump blood to our body
clinical implications: SOB, pulmonary edema
right side of heart role and clinical implications when its weak?
role: pump blood to our lungs
clinical implications: ascites, edema in lower limbs, increased volume in abdominal organs
difference between compensated heart failure and decompensated heart failure?
compensated: symptoms are stable (no fluid retentino or pulmonary edema)
decompensated: deterioration - acute episode of pulmonary edema, reduction in exercise tolerance, and increasing breathlessness on exertion
treatment goals for heart failure?
- treat the underlying cause of the cardiac disorder
- prevent progression of the disease (meds)
- lifestyle changes
nutrition goals for heart failure patients
- manage dyslipidemia
- blood pressure regulation
- manage blod sugars
- healthy weight
- reduce sodium, alcohol
what is ejection fraction?
will tell you how severe the heart failure is
what is the na and fluid intervention for heart failure patients?
restrict
- fluids: <2L/day
- sodium 2000-3000mg/d
describe ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke
ischemic: loss of brain function caused by a blockage of blood flow
hemorrhagic stroke: loss of brain function caused by rupture of blood vessels (sometimes from high blood pressure)
what is transient ischemic attack (TIA)
episodes of ischemia that lead to momentary symptoms consistent with the loss of oxygen to the brain
what is the biggest risk factor of stroke?
hypertension
clinical signs of s troke
- sudden loss of vision
- sudden change in speech/understanding
- sudden paralysis/muscle weakness
- change in mental status
short and longer term interventions for stroke
short term:”save” brain tissue - using meds
long term: symptoms management, prevention of further stroke
- lower BP
- normalize blood lipids
- diabetes management
- smoking cessation
- healthy weight and exercise
