Micronutrient Malnutrition Flashcards
what is EAR
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of all healthy individuals in a given life stage and gender group
what is RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): average daily nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97.5%) healthy individuals in a specified life stage and gender group
what is AI
Adequate Intake (AI): when not enough evidence to make an EAR
Expected to meet or exceed the needs for most individuals in a specific life stage or gender group
what is UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to post no risks of adverse health effects in almost all individuals
which measurements to use (AI, EAR, RDA..) for populations?? how about individuals?
populations: EAR
individuals: RDA or AI
what deficiency leads to beri beri?
thiamin
what deficiency leads to wernicke korsakoff?
thiamin
what type of foods consist thiamin?
mostly meats, salmon, beans
what are deficiency implications of niacin
pellagra (4D’s - dementa, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death)
deficiency in pantothenic acid leads to?
burning feet syndrome
deficiency in riboflavin leads to?
-cheilosis (inflammation and cracking in the corner of the mouth)
-glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
what type of foods is folate in?
-spinach, asparagus, broccoli, brussel sprouts
-fortified in grain products
-higher in raw foods
symptoms of folate deficiency?
- macrocytic megaloblastic anemia (large and has nucleus)
- DNA synthesis is impaired leading to defective erythrocyte division and maturation
-birth defects: neural tube defects
what foods is vitamin B12 found in?
only animal sources
deficiency in B12 leads to?
-megaloblastic anemia (large and has a nucleus
- bariatric surgery individuals are at risk
deficiency in what can lead to scurvy?
vitamin C
deficiency in vitamin A can lead to?
night blindness
xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
where is vitamin A found?
- animal and plant sources
- mostly orange and red F&V
what foods is vitamin D in ?
- fatty fish
-milk and margarine - mushrooms
- the sun lol
vitamin D deficiency can lead to?
-rickets (weak bones in child development)
- osteomalacia (softening of bones)
deficiency in calcium can lead to?
-rickets (weak bones in child development)
-osteomalacia (softening of bones)
-neuromuscular impairment
were is calcium found in foods?
-dairy products, some vegetables, nuts, and legumes
what are some foods that are calcium inhibitors?
-oxalic acid (spinach)
- caffeine
- magnesium
- zinc
deficiency in phosphorus can lead to
-rickets
-osteomalacia
-bone pain
-anorexia
where is magnesium found in foods?
nuts
legumes
whole grains
green leafy vegetables
dairy products
describe the two forms that iron comes in
heme - animal products (more bioavailable)
non-heme: plant
what are some enhancers of iron?
acids, meat, fish, sugars
what are some iron deficiency symptoms?
- anemia (smaller and paler cells)
- cognitive development/performance
- immune function
- infant mortality
who is most at risk for vitamin K deficiency?
- newborns (intramuscular injection recommended)
what can vitamin K deficiency lead to?
blood clotting
what foods is vitamin K found in?
- leafy green vegetables
- plant oils and margarine
deficiency in iodine can lead to?
goiter (swelling of thyroid gland)
stunted and intellectual development
where is iodine found in foods?
mostly animal sourced foods
- seafood, meat, eggs, dairy
- salt fortification
