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Respiratory disease and conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the physiology of the respiratory system.

A

Movement of inspired gas into and exhaled gas out of the lungs.

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consits of?

A

Branchus
Branchioles
Trachea
Alveolar duct
Avleoli
Respiratory Bronchiole
Lungs

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3
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

A

Nose
sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What is the function of Goblet cell mucus ?

A
  • moisten inspired air
  • Prevent drying of alveoli
  • Traps dust and other airbone particles
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5
Q

What is the function of the cilla ?

A
  • Remove foreign material
  • Wavelike motion propels material (coughed up, spit up or swallowed)
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6
Q

What are the different types of disease in the UPPER respiratory tract
?

A

Common cold
Hay fever
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis
Flu
RSV
COVID

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7
Q

What are the different types of disease in the LOWER respiratory tract

A

Pneumonia (acute)
Chronic Tuberculosis
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis

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8
Q

What is the eitiology and signs of a upper respiratory tract disease?

A

Etiology: Infection and allergic reaction=inflam
Signs:
* Sneezing
* Watering eyes
* nasal decongestion/discharge
* fever
* sore throat
* cough
* headache

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9
Q

What are the modes of transmission for a upper respiratory tract disease?

A
  1. direct oral contact
  2. inhale airbone droplets
  3. indirect by hands
  4. articles contaminated with aerosols
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10
Q

What is the etiology and signs of a lower respiratory tract disease?

A

Etiology: viral or bacterial
Signs:
* Fever
* Severe cough
* Rapid breathing or difficulty breathing.

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11
Q

What are the modes of transimission for lower respiratrory tract disease?

A
  1. direct contact,
  2. indirect contact/fomite,
  3. droplet and aerosol
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12
Q

What are the different types of Pneumonia?

A
  1. Community acquired Pneumonia (walking)
  2. Healthcare associated Pneumonia (Nursing home aquired/aspiration ,Hospital aquired )
  3. Pneumocystics pneumonia
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13
Q

What bacterial is associated with Healthcare associated Pneumonia?

A

Gram negative bacili (oral bacteria)
due to dysphagia

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14
Q

What bacterial is associated with Pneumocystics Pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis Jirovecii

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15
Q

What are the dental management for Pneumonia?

A
  • Standard Precautions
  • Biofilm and Perio disease control
  • Antimicrobial Mouth rinse
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16
Q

What is the Medical Management for pneumonia?

A
  • Viral: Supportive treatment: Rest, fluids
  • Bacterial: Antibotics
  • Fungal: Sulfa drugs
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17
Q

What is the cause of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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18
Q

Who is mostly at risk for TB?

A
  1. HIV infected
  2. Alcoholics, IV drugs
  3. People of shared habitation facilities
  4. Immigrants from countries with high TB rates
  5. Healthcare workers
  6. Medically underserved
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19
Q

What are the clinically active signs of TB?

A
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Persistent cough
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing blood
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20
Q

How is TB diagnosis?

A

Chest X-ray
Sputum Culture

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21
Q

What is the incubation period for TB?

A

2 to 10 weeks

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22
Q

What are the latent infection signs for TB?

A

Usually none

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23
Q

What is the diagnosis for TB in a latent stage?

A

Skin Test (PPD)/Mantoux tuberculin

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24
Q

What is the incubation period for latent TB?

A

2 to 10 weeks

25
What are the medical management for TB?
* Early diagnosis * initiate effective treatment * Standard meds: ISONIAZID 300mg (4-9months) * monitor * PT education and compliance * Report to public health department
26
How to manage dentally a clinically active TB ?
* Urgent care only * Tx in Hospital * Provide appropriate isolation and PPE * Ventilation system * Rubber dam for isolation * confirm status 2-3wk; negative ok to treat
27
How to manage dentally a History TB?
1. confirm status 2. current negative, treat using standard precautions 3. Health history 4. obtain medication hx to confirm treamtent was complete 5. Advice for regular follow ups
28
How to manage dentally a Positve TB test?
1. consider PT infected and in latent phase 2. physician documentation of exam and chest xray 3. 9 month of INH 4. Ok to treat using Standard precautions
29
How to manage dentally a sings or symps of TB?
Refer for medical examination with physican
30
What are the oral manifestations of TB?
Ulcers: irregular on dorsum of tongue, palate, lips, gingiva or buccal mucosa Needs biopsy for diagnosis
31
What are the types of Asthma?
* Extrinisic * Atopic * Allergic (Environmental, occupational-latex, allergic stimulus-active mast cells,IgE- mediated hypersentivity reaction) * Instrinsic * Nonallergic (specific triggers unidentifiable, endogenous factors-stress) | Outside allergic triggers, Triggers in the body
32
What are the most common cause of Asthma induced?
Drug or food induced: asprinin, NSAIDS, Betta blocker, food substance Excerise-induced: vigorous activity, thermal inhalation changes Infection- induced: Virsuses, bacteria, fungi provoked, teatment of infection
33
What arer the different types of asthma medications?
**Anti-inflammatory agents: long term** Systemic corticosteriod: Prednisone Inhaled Corticosteriod: Vanceril Leukotriene modifer: Singulair Mast Cell stabilizer: Intal **Bronchodilators (Acute episode)** Beta-2 agonist: Albuterol, serevent Methylxanthine: Theophylline | Both can be combined
34
What are drugs to avoid with Asthmatic Patients?
Asprin (also in othe meds) Sulfite (in local anesthetics) NSAIDS
35
What drugs decrease respiratory functions ?
Narcotics Barbitunrates
36
What are harmful drug to druh interations?
Erythromycin and Ciporofloxacin while talking theophylline
37
What are the medical management for asthma PT?
Limit trigger exposure Participate in activity maintain pulmonary function minimize attacks Control symptoms Avoid adverse effects
38
What are some dental management fro asthamatic Pt?
Appt time- based on attack Decrease office scents Bring inhaler use inhaler before appt implement stress reduction protocols (N2O or diazepam) Cautioned use of air polisher and ultrasonic scaler
39
T/F is Acetaminophen okay to use with Astma PT?
True
40
What are the oral manifestations with Asthma?
Xerostomia Increase in caries Gingivitis Oral candidiasis (corticosteriod)
41
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Group of lung disease that blocks airflow and make it difficult to breathe
42
What are the most common cause of COPSD?
Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema
43
What is Chronic Bronchitis
excessive cough and mucus production with expectorant
44
What is Emphysema?
Air spaces are damaged and enlarged/ damaged alveoli
45
What is the primary etiology fro COPD?
Tobbaco Occupational and environmental pollutant exposure
46
What are the exacerbating factors for COPD?
Smoking Environmental pollutants viral infections Allergy Genetic factors
47
What are the medical treatment for COPD?
Stop smoking Decrease pollutant exposure Vaccinations Bronchodiators Excercise Water/nutrition
48
What are the clinical presentation for Chronic Bronchitis ?
Cyanotic Overweight Elevated hemoglobin Periphrial edema Rhonchi and wheezing
49
What are the clinical presentation for emphysema?
Older and thin Sever dyspnea quiet chest X-ray: hyperinflation
50
What is the dental management for COPD?
* Assessment * Vitals monitoring * Tobacco cessation (stop) * Dismiss and refer to physician if signs are present * Stable and Controlled avoid depressing respiration
51
What is the oral manifestation for COPD?
Poor oral hygiene Periodontitis Aspiration pneumonia
52
What is cystic fibrosis?
Affects pancreas liver and lungs
53
What are cystic fibrosis Disease characterisitcs?
critical features: mucous secretions Pulmonary implairment Opportunistic bacterium: pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory failure: Pneumothorax (callapsed lung) pulmonary HTN
54
What are the early stages of Cystic fibrosis?
Persistent cough No mucus Recurrent pneumonia Salty skin or sweat Excessive appetite but poor weight gain
55
What are the late-stages of Cystic fibrosis?
* Chronic cough * Mucus production and vomiting * cyanosis and digital clubbing * Pneumothorax * Pulmonary HTN causing right heart failure
56
What are the medical management of cystic fibrosis?
* Phhysical activity * Diet * ANtibiotics * NSAIDS * Mucus-thinning (pulmozyme) * Inhalation solution (Tobramycin neubulizer)
57
What is the dental management for cystic fibrosis ?
Semi-supine or upright chair position
58
What are the oral manifestations for cystic fibrosis?
Halitosis Gingivitis with xerostomia Lower lip enlarged, swollen, dry enlargement of salivary glands (advanced)

DH 2 (21 decks)

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