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DH 2 > Respiratory disease and conditions > Flashcards

Respiratory disease and conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the physiology of the respiratory system.

A

Movement of inspired gas into and exhaled gas out of the lungs.

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consits of?

A

Branchus
Branchioles
Trachea
Alveolar duct
Avleoli
Respiratory Bronchiole
Lungs

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3
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

A

Nose
sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What is the function of Goblet cell mucus ?

A
  • moisten inspired air
  • Prevent drying of alveoli
  • Traps dust and other airbone particles
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5
Q

What is the function of the cilla ?

A
  • Remove foreign material
  • Wavelike motion propels material (coughed up, spit up or swallowed)
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6
Q

What are the different types of disease in the UPPER respiratory tract
?

A

Common cold
Hay fever
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis
Flu
RSV
COVID

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7
Q

What are the different types of disease in the LOWER respiratory tract

A

Pneumonia (acute)
Chronic Tuberculosis
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis

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8
Q

What is the eitiology and signs of a upper respiratory tract disease?

A

Etiology: Infection and allergic reaction=inflam
Signs:
* Sneezing
* Watering eyes
* nasal decongestion/discharge
* fever
* sore throat
* cough
* headache

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9
Q

What are the modes of transmission for a upper respiratory tract disease?

A
  1. direct oral contact
  2. inhale airbone droplets
  3. indirect by hands
  4. articles contaminated with aerosols
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10
Q

What is the etiology and signs of a lower respiratory tract disease?

A

Etiology: viral or bacterial
Signs:
* Fever
* Severe cough
* Rapid breathing or difficulty breathing.

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11
Q

What are the modes of transimission for lower respiratrory tract disease?

A
  1. direct contact,
  2. indirect contact/fomite,
  3. droplet and aerosol
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12
Q

What are the different types of Pneumonia?

A
  1. Community acquired Pneumonia (walking)
  2. Healthcare associated Pneumonia (Nursing home aquired/aspiration ,Hospital aquired )
  3. Pneumocystics pneumonia
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13
Q

What bacterial is associated with Healthcare associated Pneumonia?

A

Gram negative bacili (oral bacteria)
due to dysphagia

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14
Q

What bacterial is associated with Pneumocystics Pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis Jirovecii

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15
Q

What are the dental management for Pneumonia?

A
  • Standard Precautions
  • Biofilm and Perio disease control
  • Antimicrobial Mouth rinse
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16
Q

What is the Medical Management for pneumonia?

A
  • Viral: Supportive treatment: Rest, fluids
  • Bacterial: Antibotics
  • Fungal: Sulfa drugs
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17
Q

What is the cause of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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18
Q

Who is mostly at risk for TB?

A
  1. HIV infected
  2. Alcoholics, IV drugs
  3. People of shared habitation facilities
  4. Immigrants from countries with high TB rates
  5. Healthcare workers
  6. Medically underserved
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19
Q

What are the clinically active signs of TB?

A
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Persistent cough
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing blood
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20
Q

How is TB diagnosis?

A

Chest X-ray
Sputum Culture

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21
Q

What is the incubation period for TB?

A

2 to 10 weeks

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22
Q

What are the latent infection signs for TB?

A

Usually none

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23
Q

What is the diagnosis for TB in a latent stage?

A

Skin Test (PPD)/Mantoux tuberculin

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24
Q

What is the incubation period for latent TB?

A

2 to 10 weeks

25
Q

What are the medical management for TB?

A
  • Early diagnosis
  • initiate effective treatment
  • Standard meds: ISONIAZID 300mg (4-9months)
  • monitor
  • PT education and compliance
  • Report to public health department
26
Q

How to manage dentally a clinically active TB ?

A
  • Urgent care only
  • Tx in Hospital
  • Provide appropriate isolation and PPE
  • Ventilation system
  • Rubber dam for isolation
  • confirm status 2-3wk; negative ok to treat
27
Q

How to manage dentally a History TB?

A
  1. confirm status
  2. current negative, treat using standard precautions
  3. Health history
  4. obtain medication hx to confirm treamtent was complete
  5. Advice for regular follow ups
28
Q

How to manage dentally a Positve TB test?

A
  1. consider PT infected and in latent phase
  2. physician documentation of exam and chest xray
  3. 9 month of INH
  4. Ok to treat using Standard precautions
29
Q

How to manage dentally a sings or symps of TB?

A

Refer for medical examination with physican

30
Q

What are the oral manifestations of TB?

A

Ulcers: irregular on dorsum of tongue, palate, lips, gingiva or buccal mucosa
Needs biopsy for diagnosis

31
Q

What are the types of Asthma?

A
  • Extrinisic
  • Atopic
  • Allergic
    (Environmental, occupational-latex, allergic stimulus-active mast cells,IgE- mediated hypersentivity reaction)
  • Instrinsic
  • Nonallergic
    (specific triggers unidentifiable, endogenous factors-stress)

Outside allergic triggers, Triggers in the body

32
Q

What are the most common cause of Asthma induced?

A

Drug or food induced: asprinin, NSAIDS, Betta blocker, food substance
Excerise-induced: vigorous activity, thermal inhalation changes
Infection- induced: Virsuses, bacteria, fungi provoked, teatment of infection

33
Q

What arer the different types of asthma medications?

A

Anti-inflammatory agents: long term
Systemic corticosteriod: Prednisone
Inhaled Corticosteriod: Vanceril
Leukotriene modifer: Singulair
Mast Cell stabilizer: Intal

Bronchodilators (Acute episode)
Beta-2 agonist: Albuterol, serevent
Methylxanthine: Theophylline

Both can be combined

34
Q

What are drugs to avoid with Asthmatic Patients?

A

Asprin (also in othe meds)
Sulfite (in local anesthetics)
NSAIDS

35
Q

What drugs decrease respiratory functions ?

A

Narcotics
Barbitunrates

36
Q

What are harmful drug to druh interations?

A

Erythromycin and Ciporofloxacin while talking theophylline

37
Q

What are the medical management for asthma PT?

A

Limit trigger exposure
Participate in activity
maintain pulmonary function
minimize attacks
Control symptoms
Avoid adverse effects

38
Q

What are some dental management fro asthamatic Pt?

A

Appt time- based on attack
Decrease office scents
Bring inhaler
use inhaler before appt
implement stress reduction protocols (N2O or diazepam)
Cautioned use of air polisher and ultrasonic scaler

39
Q

T/F is Acetaminophen okay to use with Astma PT?

A

True

40
Q

What are the oral manifestations with Asthma?

A

Xerostomia
Increase in caries
Gingivitis
Oral candidiasis (corticosteriod)

41
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Group of lung disease that blocks airflow and make it difficult to breathe

42
Q

What are the most common cause of COPSD?

A

Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema

43
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis

A

excessive cough and mucus production with expectorant

44
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Air spaces are damaged and enlarged/ damaged alveoli

45
Q

What is the primary etiology fro COPD?

A

Tobbaco
Occupational and environmental pollutant exposure

46
Q

What are the exacerbating factors for COPD?

A

Smoking
Environmental pollutants
viral infections
Allergy
Genetic factors

47
Q

What are the medical treatment for COPD?

A

Stop smoking
Decrease pollutant exposure
Vaccinations
Bronchodiators
Excercise
Water/nutrition

48
Q

What are the clinical presentation for Chronic Bronchitis ?

A

Cyanotic
Overweight
Elevated hemoglobin
Periphrial edema
Rhonchi and wheezing

49
Q

What are the clinical presentation for emphysema?

A

Older and thin
Sever dyspnea
quiet chest
X-ray: hyperinflation

50
Q

What is the dental management for COPD?

A
  • Assessment
  • Vitals monitoring
  • Tobacco cessation (stop)
  • Dismiss and refer to physician if signs are present
  • Stable and Controlled avoid depressing respiration
51
Q

What is the oral manifestation for COPD?

A

Poor oral hygiene
Periodontitis
Aspiration pneumonia

52
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Affects pancreas liver and lungs

53
Q

What are cystic fibrosis Disease characterisitcs?

A

critical features: mucous secretions
Pulmonary implairment
Opportunistic bacterium: pseudomonas aeruginosa
Respiratory failure: Pneumothorax (callapsed lung)
pulmonary HTN

54
Q

What are the early stages of Cystic fibrosis?

A

Persistent cough
No mucus
Recurrent pneumonia
Salty skin or sweat
Excessive appetite but poor weight gain

55
Q

What are the late-stages of Cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Chronic cough
  • Mucus production and vomiting
  • cyanosis and digital clubbing
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pulmonary HTN causing right heart failure
56
Q

What are the medical management of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Phhysical activity
  • Diet
  • ANtibiotics
  • NSAIDS
  • Mucus-thinning (pulmozyme)
  • Inhalation solution (Tobramycin neubulizer)
57
Q

What is the dental management for cystic fibrosis ?

A

Semi-supine or upright chair position

58
Q

What are the oral manifestations for cystic fibrosis?

A

Halitosis
Gingivitis with xerostomia
Lower lip enlarged, swollen, dry
enlargement of salivary glands (advanced)

DH 2 (21 decks)

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