Respiratory Disease Flashcards
Respiratory System function
Works in combination with cardiovascular & hematopoietic systems to provide necessary gas exchange for the body
Respiratory system delivers ____ to tissues and removes ____ from the tissues.
- Oxygen
- CO2
Rhinitis has clinical signs such as nasal ____, sneezing, & possible ____ signs.
It can be caused by allergic, ____, or foreign ____/____.
Treatable by keeping the nostrils ___ and moist. Encourage eating with ____ food. Treat primary ___!
-
Rhinitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Discharge
- Ocular/eye
- infectous
- body/irritant
- clear/clean
- cause!
-
1. Clinical signs
- Serous, mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge.
- Sneezing & reversed, pawing at nose
- Dried exudate on nares
- Possible ocular signs or cough/gag
2. Etiology
- Allergic, infectious, foreign body/irritant
3. Tx
- Keep nostrils clean
- Vaseline for chapping
- Warm food to encourage eating
- Treat primary cause!
T/F: Reverse sneeze is a sign of choking
False! Owners my mistake it for choking though
Reverse sneeze
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. How long is a “normal” episode?
- Clinical signs
- Honking nasal noise - Etiology
- Likely caused by post nasal drip - Normal episode:
- Lasting 20-15 seconds
- Occur in small groups
- MM remain normal
Nasal tumors
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Epistaxis (nosebleeds), sneezing
- Mucopurulent discharge that improves on antib
- Face tender on one side - Etiology
- Mainly malignant, but slowly progressive and don’t metastasize - Tx
- Pressure to nose with cold compress when it bleeds
- Antib if discharge
- Radiation
Sinusitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx
- Clinical signs
- swelling under the eye (over tooth)
- Unilateral nasal discharge and discomfort - Etiology
- Associated w/tooth abscess - Dx
- Oral exam, radiographs - Tx
- Antib
- Dental extraction
- Irrigation of infected tract
Laryngitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
Hint: Rabies
- Clinical signs
- Change or loss of voice
- Exaggerated swallowing effort
- Gagging - Etiology
- Viral infection (including rabies), excessive vocalizing, tumor, trauma or laryngeal paralysis - Tx
- Soft foods
- Voice rest
- Tx primary cause
Upper airway obstruction
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Noisy breathing in throat, coughing, gagging
- Extended head posture, slow deep breathing
- Hypersalivation
- Possible weakness, cyanosis - Etiology: Anything in larynx to bronchus
- Foreign object, Tumor
- Swelling due to: trauma, anaphylaxis, laryngeal paralysis, collapsing trachea - Tx
- Calmness, min exercise until primary cause treated
- Oxygen
Kennel cough is also know as…
Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
Infectious canine tracheobronchitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Loud, dry, honking cough w/gag - Etiology
- Virus (distemper, parainfluenza)
- Bacteria (bordatella, mycoplasma) - Tx
- Vaporizer or steam
- Cough suppressants
- Isolation in hospital setting
Prevention of infectious canine tracheobronchitis when signs occur are… (2)
Vaccines & isolation when signs occur
Tracheal Collapse
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- “Goose honk” cough; ~induced by exercise, excitement or lifting by chest - Etiology
- Tracheal rings lose stiffness & dorsal membrane hangs into airway. Trachea will close with heavy breathing. - Tx
- Keep calm & resting
- Cough suppressants
- Weight loss
- Treat primary & secondary symptoms
Feline Upper respiratory Infections
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Sneezing
- Ocular & nasal discharge, possible squinting
- Poor appetite
- Lethargy, fever - Etiology
- Viral (herpesvirus, rhinotracheitis, etc)
- Mycoplasma - Tx
- Keep eyes & nose clean
- Saline nose drops
- Antib
- Warm food, SQ fluids
Disease lower respiratory system
1. Common tests
2. Less common
- Common:
- RR/MM & effort
- Pulse Ox
- Blood gas analysis
- Radiographs
- Culture
- Cytology - Less:
- Bronchoscopy
- Ultrasound
- Biopsy
Pulse Ox
1. What does it do?
2. How does it work?
- Measures % of saturation of hemoglobin with O2.
- Probe is placed over superficial artery and light of specific wavelength is passed thru skin.
- Hemoglobin saturated w/O2 absorbs light differently than unsat HgB
Pulse Ox log scale for a normal patient should be ___% and ___% means severe hypoxia.
- 98-100%
- 90%
Blood gas analysis
How does it work? (3)
- Blood is collected from patient in a way where room air won’t contaminate it.
- Blood is immediately placed in analyzer
- Measures: blood pH, pCO2, pO2 - Evaluates gas exchange in the lungs
Feline asthma
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Acute labored breathing
- Chronic cough, wheeze
- Exercise intolerance - Etiology
- Allergy or irritants cause severe airway inflammation & narrowing - Tx
- Emergency O2 & meds
- Minimal handling/stress
- Chronic bronchodilators, antib, air purifiers, etc
Signs of respiratory distress (8)
- Flared nostrils
- Open-mouth breathing, lips pulled back
- Extended neck
- Elbows away from body
- Refusal to lay down
- Distress
- Noisy breathing
- Muddy or dusky mucous membranes
T/F: If an animal is in respiratory distress, you should force them to lay down
False! The animal will assume the best position for them to breathe in that maximizes their airway.
Do not move them, support them!
Bronchitis
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Coughing
- Tachypnea
- Exercise intolerance - Etiology: Inflamm of small airways, two or more causes may occur
- Allergic, irritant, infectious - Dx
- Rads
- Cytology of transtracheal wash
- Cult of wash - Tx
- Cough suppressant
- Treat primary problem
- Most air/steam
- No smoking!
Pneumonia
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
- Clinical signs
- Productive cough
- Nasal discharge
- Fever
- Dyspnea or tachypnea - Etiology
- Infection, chemical burn - Dx
- Rads & transtracheal wash - Tx
- Primary disease
- Maintain hydration
- Nebulize & Coupage
Pneumonia is a disease of the ___ causing formation of exudate and consolidation
Alveoli
T/F: Primary pneumonia is rare in adult dogs & cats, so underlying cause should be search if this occurs in adults
True
Nebulize
Expose animal to ultrafine water droplets to moisten small airways
- Humidifier will produce too large of drops
Coupage
Tech of slapping thorax with cupped hand over consolidated lung to encourage coughing & loosening debris.
- Typically done 5-10min after nebulization
Pulmonary edema
1. Clinical signs
2. Etiology
3. Dx
4. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Coughing (soft, moist, at night)
- Tachypnea, dyspnea
- Exercise intolerance - Etiology
- Heart failure, electrocution, drowning, etc - Dx
- Rads
- Hist/physical
- Blood albumin level - Tx
- Minimal stress
- O2
- Diuretics
- Primary disease
Primary neoplasia
1. Origination site
2. Size & amount of tumor(s)
3. “Cure”
- Origin site is in the lungs
- One discrete tumor
- Surgery is curative
Pleural effusion
1. Clinical signs
2. Dx
3. Tx
- Clinical signs
- Shallow, rapid breathing w/exaggerated abdominal movements
- Possible cough, fever, or chest pain - Dx
- Imaging (rad or ultrasound)
- Thoracocentesis - Tx
- Minimal stress!
- O2
- Remove tumor ASAP
- Primary disease Tx
Metastasis
1. Origin site
2. Tumor size & amounts
3. Tx or cure
- Origin site is in different sites
- Dozens of small tumor seed into lung tissue due to its extensive capillary bed & ideal growing conditions
- Very difficult to treat
Lung tumors
1. Clinical signs
2. Dx
- Clinical signs
- Cough
- Exercise intolerance
- Weight loss - Dx
- Rads
- Cytology or biopsy of nodules b4 Sx
- Histopath
Pleural effusion is…
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
It is important as a sign for the primary disease and bc large amount will impair ability to ventilate
List the four types of pleural effusion
- Purulent: opaque, tan to yellow
- Chylous: opaque, white to pink
- Transudate: clear
- Hemorrhagic: red to red-brown
Etiologies for each pleural effusion type:
1. Purulent:
2. Chylous:
3. Transudate:
4. Hemorrhagic:
- Purulent: “Pyothorax”
- Infection, often both aerobic & anaerobic due to bite wounds or foreign bodies. - Chylous:
- Lymph, Trauma to thoracic duct or heart failure. - Transudate:
- Serum, Due to tumor, vasculitis or heart failure. - Hemorrhagic:
- Due to trauma, bleeding disorder or tumor.
What is Thoracocentesis?
Placing a needle into pleural space to remove air or fluid.
- Can be diagnostic or therapeutic
