Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal Medicine > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Cycle - How it works!
1. Diastole
2. Systole

A
  1. Diastole:
    Heart muscle is relaxed and all chambers fill with blood
  2. Systole:
    Heart muscle contraction wave beginning at atria and then through ventricles moves blood from heart chambers into great vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Electrocardiography
What can it record?
How does the activity move across the heart?

A
  1. It can record:
    - Electrical activity by an ECG
  2. Movement:
    - Electrical activity moves across heart from the SA node and AV node
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscle contraction of heart is carefully orchestrated by an electrical system called ____.

A

Electrocardiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SA node and AV node’s role in the heart

A

SA Node: The pacemaker
AV Node: The signal booster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

P wave:
QRS wave:
T wave:

A
  • P wave: Atria contraction
  • QRS wave: Ventricles contract
  • T wave: Muscle relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

Normal, steady rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asystole

A

No contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The two categories of heart disease are:
1. Myocardial Dysfunction
2. Circulatory Failure
What are they?

A
  1. Any disease that leads to “pump failure”
  2. Inadequate/ineffective circulating fluid volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical signs of cardiovascular disease. Must have one or more of the following eight:

A
  1. Exercise intolerance or weakness (dropping in tracks).
  2. Tachypnea or dyspnea
  3. Coughing (soft may = heart issue)
  4. Syncope (fainting)
  5. Abnormal HR or heart rhythm
  6. Abnormal pulse quality or pulse deficit
  7. Prolonged CRT
  8. Ascites (free fluid in abdomen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ascites

A

Free fluid in abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Non-specific term referring to any heart disease that leads to very significant “heart pump” insufficiency and compensatory mechanisms of the body cause fluid to accumulate in the tissues

  • Take away:
    “any heart disease that leads to very significant “heart pump” insufficiency”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Circulatory failure pathology (2)

A
  • Insufficient blood vol to deliver to tissues.
  • Insufficient vascular pressure to deliver oxygen to tissues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Circulatory failure causes (5)

A
  1. Anemia (HCT <15)
  2. Dehydration (>12%)
  3. Vasculitis (inflam of blood vessel walls)
  4. Hypotension (MAP <60)
  5. Shock
16
Q

Free fluid accumulates in pleural cavity &/or abdominal cavity is ____ heart failure.

Fluid accumulates in the lungs is ____ heart failure.

A
  1. Right side heart failure
  2. Left side heart failure
17
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
1. Pathology
2. Dx
3. Hereditary in dog breeds

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Heart muscle becomes thin & flabby
    - Heart chambers enlarge to compensate
    - Heart arrhythmias are common
  2. Dx:
    - Radiographs, ultrasound, EKG consistent with heart enlargement &/or heart failure
  3. Hereditary dogs:
    - Doberman, Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, St. Bernard’s (etc)
18
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy of Cats (3)

A
  • Rare in US, caused by taurine deficient diets
  • Can be reversed if high diet provided & cat survives 1st two weeks of heart failure
  • Extreme care is needed when handling heart failure cats to prevent SVDDEN DEATH!!
19
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
1. Pathology:
2. Dx:
3. Hereditary in cats:

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Thickened heart muscle with very small chamber size.
    - Thromboembolism* to caudal aorta is possible fatal complication (*obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot)
  2. Dx:
    - Radiographs, ECG, echocardiogram
  3. Hereditary:
    - Maincoons & ragdolls
20
Q

T/F: HCM can be common due to hyperthyroidism. Although, if the hyperthyroidism is successfully treated , the condition can be reversed.

A

True!

21
Q

Myocarditis
What is it?
How is it caused? (4)

A
  1. It is:
    - Myocarditis is inflammation of heart muscle due to any infection or inflammatory process.
  2. Causes:
    - Heartworm disease
    - Tetanus or other toxin
    - Lyme disease or other bacterial infection
    - Trauma
22
Q

Heart murmur
what does it sound like?

A
  • “Swishing” sound heard on auscultation of heart due to turbulent blood flow
  • Location of sound in cardiac cycle and “type” of murmur may be consistent with certain anatomic defects
23
Q

Mitral Valve Insufficiency
1. Pathology:
2. Dx:

A
  1. Pathology:
    - Nodular thickening of the heart valve causes leaking of the valve during systole & increased work load on the left atrium and the potential for heart failure.
    - Most common cause bacterial infection of the mitral valve due to chronic dental disease
  2. Dx:
    - Systolic heart murmur
    - Cough, esp at night or with exercise
    - Rads &/or ultrasound showing left atrial enlargement with/out heart failure (pulmonary edema)
24
Q

What are Arrhythmias?

A

Abnormality in the HR, rhythm or electrical generation of the heart beat

24
Q

Arrhythmia pathology (2)

A
  1. Abnormal impulse formation
    - Low O2
    - Hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia
    - Cardiomyopathy
    - Heart tissue trauma/injury
  2. Abnormal impulse conduction
    - Anatomic defect of electrical conduction system
24
Q

Arrhythmias:
Atrial fibrillation
1. What is it?
2. Dx: (2)

A
  1. It is:
    - No organized atrial contraction, but “quivering” muscle tissue
    - Decreased cardiac output due to poor ventricular filling of blood (ventricle contraction is relatively normal)
  2. Dx:
    - “Tennis shoe in the dryer”
    - EKG doesn’t have the “P wave”
24
Q

Arrythmias:
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)
1. Causes (4)
2. Dx

A
  1. Causes:
    - Hypoxia or heart trauma
    - Aesthesia or toxins
    - Heart disease
    - Electrolyte abnormalities (ex hyperkalemia)
  2. Dx:
    - Pulse deficit or EKG
24
Q

Arrhythmias:
Ventricular Tachycardia
What is it?
Causes:

Remember: this QRS wave appears “upside down” on a EKG

A
  1. It is:
    - A high HR, and we mostly see PVCs on the EKG
  2. Causes:
    - Cardiomyopathy, heart failure, myocarditis, heart tumor
24
Q

What are Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

A
  • Heart beat is spontaneously generated from the Bundle of His independent of the SA node
  • Individual PVCs may not cause problems in animal, but groups of 7 or 8-% PVCs will cause hemodynamic problems

Small Animal Medicine (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions