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Small Animal Medicine > Disorders of RBCs and Platelets > Flashcards

Disorders of RBCs and Platelets Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia
1. What is it?
2. Clinical signs: (7)

A
  1. Low RBC count
  2. Signs:
    - Pale MM
    - Tachycardia
    - Weakness or exercise intolerance
    - Tachypnea
    - Prolonged CRT
    - Weak pulse quality
    - Pulse ox will be WNL
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2
Q

Regenerative anemia

A

Evidence of new blood formation.
This means there is evidence of the body trying to ‘correct’ the anemia.

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3
Q

What is Non-Regenerative anemia?

A

Inadequate new RBC production.
This is generally an issue that goes as far as the bone marrow and the body is struggling to keep up with the demand needed

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4
Q

T/F: It takes the dog 3-4 days to mount a regenerative response in their blood work after a major trauma occurs (including hemorrhaging)

A

True!

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5
Q

General care of Anemia (7)

A
  1. Min size of blood samples
  2. Cage rest/min stress
  3. Keep warm
  4. O2 support
  5. High nutritional plan
  6. Blood transfusion (HCT <15)
  7. Treat specific cause
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6
Q

Regenerative anemia causes (2)

A
  1. Blood loss
    - Trauma
    - Clotting disorder
    - Parasites (internal GI or external)
    - Ulcers
    - Tumor rupture
  2. Hemolysis
    - Toxins
    - Immune-mediated
    - Blood parasites
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7
Q

Non-regenerative anemia etiologies (5)

A
  1. Bone marrow disease
  2. Renal failure
  3. Endocrine disease
  4. Iron & other malnutrition
  5. Chronic illness
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8
Q

Iron deficiency anemia (non-regenerative) is when blood is lost to the outside of the body, so sufficient ___ must be in the diet for new blood to be ____.
Red cell destruction within the body does not result in ___ ___.

A
  1. Iron
  2. Produced
  3. Iron deficiency
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9
Q

Iron deficiency anemia RBC morphology (4)

A
  1. Microcytosis
  2. Hypochromasia
  3. Increased central pallor
  4. Low MCHC
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10
Q

Blood Parasites anemia: Mycoplasma hemofelis
AKA Hemobartonella
1. Common in
2. Transmission
3. Clinical when Px is…
4. Appearance in blood smears:
5. Tx

A
  1. Cats
  2. Fleas
  3. Stressed with another disease:
    - FeLv+
    - Spleen is removed
    - Other
  4. Cyclic
  5. Tx:
    - Doxycycline or enrofloxacin
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11
Q

What are three blood parasites that are commonly known to give patients anemia?

A
  1. Babesia (more common in Southern USA)
  2. Ehrlicha (occurs in WA)
  3. Mycoplasma hemofelis or Hemobartonella
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12
Q

Toxins causing anemia (2)

A
  1. Hemolysis
    - Penny (ZINC toxicity)
  2. Heinz body anemia: Hemoglobin precipitation
    - Garlic & onions
    - Lead poisoning
    - Drugs: Sulfur antiB, Acetaminophen, & Propylene glycol (small amounts in wet food to keep it wet after opening)
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13
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA or IHA)
1. What is it?
2. Etiology (2)

  • Also called Immune-mediated Hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

Hint: Body has recognition issues and confusion

A
  1. The body doesn’t recognize RBCs as “self” and is destroyed by the immune system.
    - The body gets confused and will start putting antiB on its own RBCs. RBCs are typically coated with something like a toxin, drug, or parasite.
  2. Etiology:
    - Hemolysis (rupture in circulation)
    - Increased removal by spleen
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14
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia triggers (6)

A
  1. Blood parasites
  2. Drug allergic reactions (vax, antiB)
  3. Viral infection
  4. Breed (cocker spaniel, Irish setters)
  5. Females :(
  6. Blood transfusions
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15
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
1. Clinical signs:
2. Dx

A
  1. Signs
    - Very pale MM
    - Fever
    - Weakness
    - Tachypnea, tachycardia
    - Possible icterus
    - Possible port wine urine
  2. Dx
    - Auto-agglutination
    - Hemolysis
    - Coombs +
    - Spherocytes
    - Regenerative anemia with high bilirubin
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16
Q

Name the three components of the clotting cascade

A
  1. Vessel wall
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation factors (ex fibrin)
17
Q

Common coagulopathies
1. Congenital (at birth)
2. Acquired

A
  1. Congenital:
    - Hemophilia
    - Von Willebrand’s
  2. Acquired
    - Rodenticide
    - Thrombocytopenia
    - Liver failure
    - DIC
    - Snakebite!!
18
Q

Platelet numbers
1. Normal:
2. Too low for adequate protection:
3. Dying:

A
  1. Normal: 200,000/uL
  2. Low: 50,000/uL
  3. Dying: <20,000/uL
19
Q

Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
1. What is it?
2. Triggers (4)
3. Clinical signs (5)

Hint: “immune-mediated” bodies doing this to itself
“thrombo” platelets

A
  1. Immune system destroys platelets
  2. Triggers:
    - Drugs
    - Ehrlichia
    - Viral infection
    - Female
  3. Signs
    - Petechia
    - Ecchymosis
    - Epistaxis
    - Inappropriate bleeding
    - Regenerative anemia
    - Fever
20
Q

Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia (ITP) therapy (4)

A
  1. Tx underlying cause (removed trigger)
  2. Immunosuppressive drugs
  3. Protect from trauma
    - Soft foods
    - No rough playing
  4. Splenectomy (rarely)
21
Q

Von Williebrand’s Disease
1. Breeds predisposed
2. Clinical signs

A
  1. Breeds
    - Doberman
    - Border collies
    - And 54 others!
  2. Signs
    - Inappropriate, prolonged bleeding
    - Sx risk!
22
Q

Platelet testing for disorders (2)

A
  1. Platelet count
    - Accurate counts are not possible if platelets are clumped or a clot is present in purple top
  2. Platelet function
    - Buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT)
    - Von Williebrand’s factor (vWb factor)
23
Q

Heinz body anemia
??

A

Hemoglobin precipitation

Small Animal Medicine (18 decks)

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