Respiratory, Digestive Flashcards
The parts of the respiratory system can be divided structurally into the ______ .
upper and lower respiratory systems
A complete blockage in the right main (primary) bronchus would
prevent all airflow from the trachea to the right lung
Sarah comes to your clinic with a cold that has resulted in her nose being stuffed up and secretions draining down her pharynx. Which parts of the respiratory system are directly affected, based on these symptoms?
upper respiratory system and conducting zone
The order of the respiratory membrane from the pulmonary alveolar air space to blood plasma.
type I and II pneumocytes -> epithelial basement membrane -> capillary basement membrane -> endothelial cells of the capillary wall
Muscles of the pharynx are innervated by what nerves?
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)
The ____________ is the most superficial layer of the trachea.
adventitial layer
The _______________ bronchioles represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
terminal
What is part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
What is part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
When the external anal sphincter is stimulated by the sacral spinal nerve, it acts to ______ the anus.
close
The medial epicondyle is damaged and the nerve dorsal to it was injured. Which muscle would be affected?
flexor carpi ulnaris
Approximately 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the ___ of the body’s midline.
left
The heart is often described as the size of your
fist
In regards to the surface projection of the heart, the inferior left point is located at the __ left intercostal space, at the midclavicular line.
fifth
The __ surface of the heart is deep to the sternum and ribs.
anterior
The airways have ____________ generations of branching.
23
The narrow, superior portion of the lung is the __________.
apex
The __________ is the space between the vestibular folds.
rima vestibuli
Mucus produced by the internal nares moves through the pharynx and
drains into the esophagus
The bones that separate these areas are known as the
nasal conchae
While playing softball, Maria is hit with the bat and her nose is broken. Which of the following bones might have been fractured?
nasal bone
The trachea goes down to the level of the fifth___ vertebra, at which point it splits to form the right and left main bronchi.
thoracic
A male who does not secrete sufficient testosterone at puberty may have smaller ___ cartilage supporting the anterior wall of his larynx than a male who produces the correct amount.
thyroid
A failure of a fetus to produce type II___cells would leave it unable to produce surfactant.
alveolar
Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.
thoracentesis
Surgery to remove the adenoids would involve which region of the respiratory tract?
pharynx
Which is not a method to support ventilation or reestablish airflow?
bypass
Which part of the respiratory system helps resonate sounds?
nasal cavity
Where is the cardiac notch?
medial left lung
When someone has a cold, why does his or her voice sound muffled?
increased mucus production in the upper respiratory structures decreases resonance
The soft palate separates the superior __ from the inferior oropharynx.
nasopharynx
The sympathetic division of the ANS causes ___________
airway dialation
The respiratory zone starts with the ______
respiratory bronchioles, which have no cartilage support
The nasopharynx and oropharynx are separated from one another by the ___________
soft palate
The type of cartilage that forms the 16-20 C-shapes horizontal rings in the trachea is
hyaline cartilage
What structure divides each half of the nasal cavity into three meatuses?
Conchae
A blockage in thenasolacrimalducts would mean that tears would no longer drain into the
nasal cavity
Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse across ___________ cells in the alveolus.
simple squamous
The wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces and fibroblasts that produce reticular and elastic fibers are alveolar
Macrophages
Identify the epithelial tissue that lines the nasopharynx.
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Type I alveolar cells are the __________ in the alveolar lining.
most common cell type
The branch of the bronchial tree between the main bronchi and segmental bronchi are
lobar bronchi
In which region of the upper respiratory tract would you find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
- upper part of nasal vestibule
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
What region acts like a partition that separates the two lungs?
Mediastinum
The openings into the nose, the nostrils, are also known as
external nares
True or false. The cardiac notch is a structure only on the left lung.
true
Ducts from the ___ sinuses drain mucus into the nasal cavity, which allows them to help keep the sinuses free of bacteria and particulate matter
paranasal
The paired corniculate cartilages are horn-shaped pieces of ___________
elastic cartilage
Which of the following is considered part of both the respiratory system and the digestive system?
pharynx
The large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the trachea.
epiglottis
Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.
adipose tissue
During inhalation, air flows directly from the trachea into the __ bronchi.
main
The nasal __separates the nasal cavity into the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses.
conchae
What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?
hyaline
A pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the
lungs
Which bronchi split to immediately form segmental bronchi?
lobar
The bony framework of the nose includes the ___________.
frontal bone
The epiglottis is composed of__ cartilage
elastic
The tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm (5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter located anterior to the esophagus is the ______ .
trachea
The opening of the oropharynx into the oral cavity is called ___________
fauces
These statements are true for the nasopharynx:
- lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Is the superior portion of the pharynx
- Has openings that lead to the auditory (eustachian) tubes
-Moves dust-laden mucus down the pharynx
Which of the following lobes of the lungs is the closest proximity to the heart?
left superior
External respiration involves the movement of O2 in which of the following ways?
alveoli -> blood in pulmonary capillaries
This structure is located near the opening of the auditory tube and is part of the immune system:
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
The vocal cords attach to the ___ posteriorly.
arytenoid cartilages
This important layer of the tissue is attached to the lung themselves.
visceral pleura
The major muscle(s) of inspiration is/are the ___
Diaphragm
The regulation of breathing is done by the ___
Brain
The collapse of the lung due to rupture of the alveolar sacs or the puncture of the pleural cavity is called the ___
Pneumothorax
Which region of the pharynx is involved with equalizing the pressure within the middle ear (popping your eyes)?
Nasopharynx
The actual exchange of gases occurs where in the respiratory system?
respiratory membrane
What is the leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that closes over the larynx when you swallow?
Epiglottis
Each secondary bronchi supplies a portion of the lungs known as a(n) ___
Lobe
Respiratory bronchioles first branch into alveolar ___
Ducts
Which region(s) of the brain coordinate the transition from inhalation to exhalation?
pneumotaxic area of the pons and the apneustic area of the pons
True or false. Lung volume increases because air rushes in from the atmosphere.
false
These statements are TRUE:
- during contraction, the diaphragm flattens out
- For inhalation to occur, the volume of the lungs must first increase
- For normal exhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- When the volume of the lungs decreases, the alveolar pressure increases
The major effect of exercise un respiration is ___
to increase the depth and rate or breathing
The trachea is lined with ___
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelia
Where are the respiratory control centers located in the brain?
pons and medulla oblongata
When cardiac output increases, during strenuous exercise, which of the following is correct?
blood flow to the lungs increases
Which statement about the pharynx is correct:
In the nasopharynx, the cilia move the mucus down toward the most inferior part of the nasopharynx
The “stem” of the epiglottic cartilage is attached to which of the following?
internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
True or false. The contents of the passageways (the lumen) of the respiratory tubes, digestive tubes, and urinary tubes are actually not within the body, but continuous with the external environment surrounding the body.
TRUE
The functional significance of the increase of the surface mucosa of the digestive system is essential for:
absorbing nutrient molecules
Which of the following systems form intimate interfaces with the cardiovascular system to renew, monitor, and maintain the internal water environment that surrounds all the body cells?
urinary, respiratory, digestive
The respiratory tract is a system of tubes that extend from the larynx to the small terminal air spaces within the lungs called?
pulmonary alveoli
The cartilage tissue of the middle layer of the respiratory tubes forms:
a deformable skeletal framework in the wall that keeps the tubes from collapsing
- The majority of the larder respiratory tubes of the bronchial tree:
function as air conduction tubes
The site of gas exchange, the respiratory membrane, includes the adjacent ___ walls of the pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary alveoli
simple squamous epithelial
Functions of the respiratory system:
- allows oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood and enter the air.
- provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing their entry into the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces.
- allows for speech and sound generation.
The vestibule just inside each naris is lined by ________________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The external nose is the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face. The largest part of the external nose is composed of:
hyaline cartilage
The partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts is called the
nasal septum
Air is filtered as it moves through narrow curved channels in the nasal cavity called _______________ and the debris is trapped and moved towards the pharynx by _______________ epithelium.
meati, pseudostratified ciliated columnar
These cavities or ducts drain in or out of the nasal cavity:
- vestibule
- paranasal sinus
- auditory tube
Functions of nasal cavity:
- filters the air
- humidifies the air
- warms the air
Which one of the below is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
A. vestibule
B. nasopharynx
C. oropharynx
D. laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
The posterior surface of the nasopharynx contains the ___________ tonsils.
pharyngeal
The soft palate including the uvula closes off the ______________ when swallowing.
nasopharynx
The role of the false vocal cords or vestibular folds in swallowing is to
prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx.
Laryngitis is an infection or inflammation of the mucosal epithelium of the
true vocal cords.
In a normal conversation, Sally and Dawn who are of similar age, height and weight, speak at the same decibel level, but Sally’s pitch is always higher than Dawn’s. What might cause this difference?
Sally vibrates only the anterior parts of her true vocal cords while Dawn vibrates a greater length of her true vocal cords.
The largest laryngeal cartilage is the ___________ and the only elastic laryngeal cartilage is the _____________.
thyroid, epiglottis
Coughing will cause the trachealis muscle to
contract which will narrow the diameter of the trachea.
The inferior larynx and trachea are lined by __________________ epithelium.
pseudostratified columnar
The carina forms a ridge, which is a radiologic landmark and physiologic landmark. The carina is the
the last area of the respiratory tree that can initiate a coughing reflex.
In the respiratory tree, that area where the C-shaped cartilages are replaced with cartilage plates and smooth muscle, which forms a layer between the cartilage and the mucous membrane, is the
secondary bronchi.
In an asthma attack the _________________ muscle in the ______________ contract.
smooth, terminal bronchioles
Ninety percent of the epithelium of the alveoli is
simple squamous.
If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to
recoil so exhalation would be impeded.
Surfactant is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules released by special cells in the alveoli called
Type II pneumocytes.
The pathway of oxygen from the alveoli across the respiratory membrane to the capillaries is
simple squamous → basement membrane of alveolus → interstitial space → basement membrane of capillary → simple squamous
The left and right lungs in humans do not contain the same number of lobes. The right lung contains _________ lobes while the left lung contains ________ lobes because
3, 2; the heart takes up space on the left side.
Two-thirds of the increase in thoracic cavity volume during inspiration is caused by
contraction of the diaphragm.
The muscles that are most active in expiration are the
internal intercostals
The lungs are found within two cavities called the
pleural and thoracic cavities.
The membrane that lines the inner thoracic cavity wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum is the
parietal pleura.
The space between the two lungs that houses the heart, trachea, esophagus and associated structures is called the
mediastinum
Your vestibular and vocal cords close tightly, your abdominal muscles contract, and the muscles of expiration contract forcefully. You have just experienced the preparation for a(n)
cough reflex.
Type II pneumocytes of the alveoli produce a mixture of lipoproteins called
surfactant
In premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease, surfactant is not produced in adequate quantities and a respirator may be required. This is because surfactant
decreases the surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli.
Nitrogen is not normally exchanged in the respiratory tract, yet the partial pressures of nitrogen varies in inhaled air, alveolar air and expired air. The differences can be explained because
oxygen is removed and carbon dioxide is added to the alveoli and water is added all along the respiratory tract.
Toxins that decrease the abundance of cilia in the respiratory tract tend to increase the
coughing reflex.
After vigorous exercise, you increase your rate and depth of breathing. This will cause the
partial pressure differences for oxygen and carbon dioxide to increase across the respiratory membrane.
Deoxygenated blood from the bronchi and bronchioles mix with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins. This is called the
anatomical shunt.
In the lungs, as a result of CO2 diffusing into the alveoli, you would expect hemoglobin’s ability to bind to oxygen to
increase
In carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, CO binds to the heme of hemoglobin much easier than oxygen. What effect will this have on the ability of the tissues to get oxygen?
Hemoglobin will bind to less oxygen, and hemoglobin will not release as much oxygen to the tissue.
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups make up the respiratory center and are located in the
medulla oblongata.
The group in the respiratory center that is most active during inspiration is the
dorsal group
Which of the following muscles is stimulated by the dorsal respiratory group?
diaphragm
Which of the following muscles is (are) stimulated by the ventral respiratory group?
- external abdominal oblique
- internal intercostals
A decrease in oxygen in the tissues below normal levels is called
hypoxia
If exercise exceeds the anaerobic threshold, skeletal muscle will
produce and release lactic acid into blood.
When you are exercising, your rate of breathing increases because
the PCO2 levels increase and pH levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid drop.
The following changes can be seen in respiration after fitness training:
- Minute volume is greatly increased at maximal exercise.
- Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood increases at maximal exercise.
- Minute volume is essentially unchanged at rest.
What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
- bronchi
- larynx
- lungs
- trachea
These sinuses are part of the paranasal sinus:
- ethmoidal sinus
- frontal sinus
- maxillary sinus
- sphenoidal sinus
The passageway that opens directly into the nasopharynx is the
auditory tubes
The structure that separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx is the
uvula
The largest cartilage in the larynx is the
thyroid cartilage.
The true vocal cords and the opening between them are called the
glottis
Which of these structures prevents the movement of swallowed materials into the larynx?
- epiglottis
- vestibular folds
Which of these structures has no cartilage around it?
- terminal bronchiole
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the bronchi:
- alveolar duct
- alveolus
- respiratory bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchiole -> respiratory bronchiole -> alveolar duct -> alveolus
For inspiration during labored breathing, all of these muscles contract:
- diaphragm
- external intercostal muscles
- pectoralis minor muscles
- sternocleidomastoid muscles
Visceral pleura is found
on the surface of the lung.
Besides lubricating the visceral and parietal pleura, pleural fluid also
holds the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together.
If alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure
decreases
During expiration, the volume of the thorax __________ as the diaphragm __________ .
decreases, relaxes
Lung recoil occurs because of elastic fibers in the alveolar walls and
surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli.
Surfactant function:
reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli.
Arrange the following events in the correct order as they occur during inspiration:
- air flows into the lungs
- alveolar volume increases
- thoracic volume increases
- pleural pressure decreases
- alveolar pressure decreases
thoracic volume increases -> pleural pressure decreases -> alveolar volume increases -> alveolar pressure decreases -> air flows into the lungs
In which areas is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) normally the greatest?
inspired air
Which of these conditions causes a decreased rate of diffusion through the respiratory membrane?
- increased fluid in the lungs
- decreased diffusion coefficient
- decreased respiratory surface area
- decreased partial pressure gradient
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the respiratory membrane and into and out of cells by the process of
diffusion
Most carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood.
bicarbonate ions
This increases respiratory rate:
increased blood PCO2
Hyperventilation produces these effects:
- decreased blood PCO2
- vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
- decreased blood pressure
- increase in pH
The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is
CO2 level in the blood.
Without the hormone ___ the parietal and chief cells would not secrete HCl or pepsinogen.
Gastrin
___ digestion includes the splitting of ingested compounds by hydrolysis
Chemical
In most GI Tract sections, the___consists of two layers of muscle, circular and longitudinal. They act to churn and propel the food along the tract.
Muscularis
The kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum lie outside the peritoneal cavity, thus referred to as
Retroperitoneal
All of the following accessory organs of the digestive tract either secrete or store secretions and never come in direct contact with food EXCEPT the ___________.
- tongue
- gallbladder
- salivary glands
- liver
Tongue
Approximately 7 liters of fluid enter the digestive tract’s lumen daily from accessory organs or cells within the walls of the digestive tract. This process is called
secretion
The capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called
Motility
What happens to processed food that is unusable in the GI tract?
goes to the large intestine for elimination
The lamina propria and the epithelium belong to which layer of the GI tract?
Mucosa
Superficial to the mucosa is a layer that contains blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue. This layer is the:
Submucosa
Identify the correct order of the layers that form the GI tract wall from deep to superficial:
Deepest to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer (muscularis), serosa
This double sheet of peritoneal fold loosely anchors the large intestine while allowing muscular movements for contraction.
Mesocolon
The peritoneal fold that contains blood vessels, lymph nodes, and anchors the small intestine is the ___________.
Mesentery
The lesser omentum arises as an anterior fold in the serosa between which of the following two organs?
stomach and duodenum
The peritoneal fold that arises from the greater curvature of the stomach and forms a “fat-filled, apron-like” membrane is the ___________.
greater omentum
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the peritoneum?
simple squamous
Which peritoneal fold contains the hepatic portal vein, the common hepatic artery, and the common bile duct?
lesser momentum
The __ sphincter prevents the backward flow of chyme from the duodenum to the stomach.
pyloric
A patient presents with signs of moderate anemia and complains of an upset stomach. Her lab results reveal a positive H. pylori test. This patient is likely suffering from a/an
peptic ulcer
A patient learns that she has a condition in which her gastric glands’ G cells are not functioning. This patient is likely experiencing ___________.
a decrease in the secretion of gastric juice, decreases stomach motility, and onset of GERD
The peritoneal fold that spans between the body wall (parietal peritoneum) and the gut tube (visceral peritoneum) is known as the
Mesentery
The esophagus enters the first area of the stomach, which is named the
Cardia
A thin layer of smooth muscle designed to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion is found in the __ mucosae.
Muscularis
The stomach is especially adept at churning and mixing. It contains ___________.
3 layers of muscle in the muscularis:
- Outer longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Inner oblique
___is the process of digested foods or secreted fluids entering the mucosa of the intestines.
absorption
The __ cavity is in contact with the visceral and parietal peritoneum, mesentery as well as omenta and is lubricated with serous fluid
Peritoneal
Which layer found in the stomach and intestines corresponds to the adventitia of the esophagus?
Serosa
The following statements are correct about the stomach:
- Gastrin stimulates the secretion of parietal and chief cells.
- Folds of rugae allow for increased stretching of the stomach.
- Hydrochloric acid lowers the pH of the gastric juice (i.e. makes it more acidic).
This membranous sheet of tissue spans between the body wall and organs of the gut tube.
Mesentery
The salivary glands, liver, and pancreas facilitate which of the following digestive processes?
Secretion
The outermost layer of the digestive organs is called the ___, also known as the visceral peritoneum.
Serosa
___ digestion breaks down ingested food by cutting and grinding the food with the teeth.
Mechanical
Enzymes secreted by these allow the digestion of carbohydrates in the fundus of the stomach.
Salivary glands
The greater___ extends from the stomach’s greater curvature and is the largest of the peritoneal folds
Omentum
Without the ___layer, the contents of the stomach would not be mixed into chyme or forced out through the pyloric sphincter.
Muscularis
___ digestion includes the splitting of ingested compounds by hydrolysis.
Chemical
Which digestive organ in the abdominal cavity is the only organ that is attached to the anterior abdominal wall?
Liver
Which of the following is composed of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a nerve plexus?
Submucosa
The bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has a direct effect on which layer of the stomach?
Mucosa
An accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity is called
Ascites
Which layer of the GI tract contains the majority of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?
lamina propria
The function of a proton pump within the parietal cells of the stomach is to produce ___________.
hydrochloric acid
Most of the vigorous mixing of gastric juices and food occurs in which area of the stomach?
Body
Which of the peritoneal folds contains numerous lymph nodes that help control infections of the GI tract?
greater omentum
Vitamin B12absorption requires __ factor that is secreted from the parietal cells of the stomach.
Intrinsic
How many layers are found in the greater omentum?
Four
When the stomach is full and distended, which of the following structures are no longer visibly present?
Rugae
Which vein delivers nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to liver sinusoids?
hepatic portal vein
What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
The fan-shaped fold peritoneum which secures the loops of the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall is the
Mesentery
Which major salivary gland is located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the master muscle?
Parotid gland
What cells are responsible for secreting the products that make gastric juice?
- Mucous neck cells
- Parietal cells
- Chief cells
Trace the path of waste through the large intestine.
Ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon - > rectum
What structure attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?
falciform ligament
Function of the muscular oblique layer of the stomach:
churning and mixing the food
Functions of the pancreas:
- Proceeds sodium bicarbonate which buffers acidic chyme from the stomach
- Produces pancreatic amylase which breaks down starch
- Produces pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides
- Produces chymotrypsin which breaks down proteins
Layers of the digestive canal:
(deepest to superficial)
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscular layer (muscularis)
- Serosa (Adventitia)
This structure secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into blood and releases its produced juice into the duodenum:
Pancreas
Functions of the liver:
- is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
- enters the lumen of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
- acts to emulsify fatty substances
Which blood vessel drains blood into the inferior vena cava?
hepatic vein
In tubular organs, the name of the internal layer is the:
tunica mucosa or tunica intima
The innermost tissue of the any tubular system is always some type of:
epithelial tissue
In tubular organs, the name of the middle layer is the:
tunica media or tunica muscularis
In tubular organs, the name of the external layer is the:
tunica external or tunica adventitia
Contraction of the muscle in the tunica muscularis of the digestive tube:
- Helps propel the content through the tube
- Assists with mixing the contents and secretions within the tube
- Assist with mechanical breakdown of the contents
To protect the underlying vascular layers of it mucosa, the transport tube called the esophagus has an epithelial lining of:
stratified squamous epithelium
The tunica mucosa of the stomach has a complex series of folds and pit that greatly increase the surface area. This increases the number gastric glands that empty secretion into the mucosal surface. Each day the glands empty ___ mL of gastric secretions into the stomach.
2,000 - 3,000
What surface structures are the most numbers structures of the digestive tract mucosa?
Microvilli
The epithelial that lines the lumen of the esophagus is __ __ epithelium:
stratified squamous
The indicted structures that “wrinkle” the inside wall of the stomach are ___
Rugae
