Respiratory, Digestive Flashcards
The parts of the respiratory system can be divided structurally into the ______ .
upper and lower respiratory systems
A complete blockage in the right main (primary) bronchus would
prevent all airflow from the trachea to the right lung
Sarah comes to your clinic with a cold that has resulted in her nose being stuffed up and secretions draining down her pharynx. Which parts of the respiratory system are directly affected, based on these symptoms?
upper respiratory system and conducting zone
The order of the respiratory membrane from the pulmonary alveolar air space to blood plasma.
type I and II pneumocytes -> epithelial basement membrane -> capillary basement membrane -> endothelial cells of the capillary wall
Muscles of the pharynx are innervated by what nerves?
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)
The ____________ is the most superficial layer of the trachea.
adventitial layer
The _______________ bronchioles represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
terminal
What is part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
What is part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
When the external anal sphincter is stimulated by the sacral spinal nerve, it acts to ______ the anus.
close
The medial epicondyle is damaged and the nerve dorsal to it was injured. Which muscle would be affected?
flexor carpi ulnaris
Approximately 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the ___ of the body’s midline.
left
The heart is often described as the size of your
fist
In regards to the surface projection of the heart, the inferior left point is located at the __ left intercostal space, at the midclavicular line.
fifth
The __ surface of the heart is deep to the sternum and ribs.
anterior
The airways have ____________ generations of branching.
23
The narrow, superior portion of the lung is the __________.
apex
The __________ is the space between the vestibular folds.
rima vestibuli
Mucus produced by the internal nares moves through the pharynx and
drains into the esophagus
The bones that separate these areas are known as the
nasal conchae
While playing softball, Maria is hit with the bat and her nose is broken. Which of the following bones might have been fractured?
nasal bone
The trachea goes down to the level of the fifth___ vertebra, at which point it splits to form the right and left main bronchi.
thoracic
A male who does not secrete sufficient testosterone at puberty may have smaller ___ cartilage supporting the anterior wall of his larynx than a male who produces the correct amount.
thyroid
A failure of a fetus to produce type II___cells would leave it unable to produce surfactant.
alveolar
Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.
thoracentesis
Surgery to remove the adenoids would involve which region of the respiratory tract?
pharynx
Which is not a method to support ventilation or reestablish airflow?
bypass
Which part of the respiratory system helps resonate sounds?
nasal cavity
Where is the cardiac notch?
medial left lung
When someone has a cold, why does his or her voice sound muffled?
increased mucus production in the upper respiratory structures decreases resonance
The soft palate separates the superior __ from the inferior oropharynx.
nasopharynx
The sympathetic division of the ANS causes ___________
airway dialation
The respiratory zone starts with the ______
respiratory bronchioles, which have no cartilage support
The nasopharynx and oropharynx are separated from one another by the ___________
soft palate
The type of cartilage that forms the 16-20 C-shapes horizontal rings in the trachea is
hyaline cartilage
What structure divides each half of the nasal cavity into three meatuses?
Conchae
A blockage in thenasolacrimalducts would mean that tears would no longer drain into the
nasal cavity
Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse across ___________ cells in the alveolus.
simple squamous
The wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces and fibroblasts that produce reticular and elastic fibers are alveolar
Macrophages
Identify the epithelial tissue that lines the nasopharynx.
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Type I alveolar cells are the __________ in the alveolar lining.
most common cell type
The branch of the bronchial tree between the main bronchi and segmental bronchi are
lobar bronchi
In which region of the upper respiratory tract would you find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
- upper part of nasal vestibule
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
What region acts like a partition that separates the two lungs?
Mediastinum
The openings into the nose, the nostrils, are also known as
external nares
True or false. The cardiac notch is a structure only on the left lung.
true
Ducts from the ___ sinuses drain mucus into the nasal cavity, which allows them to help keep the sinuses free of bacteria and particulate matter
paranasal
The paired corniculate cartilages are horn-shaped pieces of ___________
elastic cartilage
Which of the following is considered part of both the respiratory system and the digestive system?
pharynx
The large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the trachea.
epiglottis
Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.
adipose tissue
During inhalation, air flows directly from the trachea into the __ bronchi.
main
The nasal __separates the nasal cavity into the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses.
conchae
What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?
hyaline
A pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the
lungs
Which bronchi split to immediately form segmental bronchi?
lobar
The bony framework of the nose includes the ___________.
frontal bone
The epiglottis is composed of__ cartilage
elastic
The tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm (5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter located anterior to the esophagus is the ______ .
trachea
The opening of the oropharynx into the oral cavity is called ___________
fauces
These statements are true for the nasopharynx:
- lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Is the superior portion of the pharynx
- Has openings that lead to the auditory (eustachian) tubes
-Moves dust-laden mucus down the pharynx
Which of the following lobes of the lungs is the closest proximity to the heart?
left superior
External respiration involves the movement of O2 in which of the following ways?
alveoli -> blood in pulmonary capillaries
This structure is located near the opening of the auditory tube and is part of the immune system:
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
The vocal cords attach to the ___ posteriorly.
arytenoid cartilages
This important layer of the tissue is attached to the lung themselves.
visceral pleura
The major muscle(s) of inspiration is/are the ___
Diaphragm
The regulation of breathing is done by the ___
Brain
The collapse of the lung due to rupture of the alveolar sacs or the puncture of the pleural cavity is called the ___
Pneumothorax
Which region of the pharynx is involved with equalizing the pressure within the middle ear (popping your eyes)?
Nasopharynx
The actual exchange of gases occurs where in the respiratory system?
respiratory membrane
What is the leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that closes over the larynx when you swallow?
Epiglottis
Each secondary bronchi supplies a portion of the lungs known as a(n) ___
Lobe
Respiratory bronchioles first branch into alveolar ___
Ducts
Which region(s) of the brain coordinate the transition from inhalation to exhalation?
pneumotaxic area of the pons and the apneustic area of the pons
True or false. Lung volume increases because air rushes in from the atmosphere.
false
These statements are TRUE:
- during contraction, the diaphragm flattens out
- For inhalation to occur, the volume of the lungs must first increase
- For normal exhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- When the volume of the lungs decreases, the alveolar pressure increases
The major effect of exercise un respiration is ___
to increase the depth and rate or breathing
The trachea is lined with ___
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelia
Where are the respiratory control centers located in the brain?
pons and medulla oblongata
When cardiac output increases, during strenuous exercise, which of the following is correct?
blood flow to the lungs increases
Which statement about the pharynx is correct:
In the nasopharynx, the cilia move the mucus down toward the most inferior part of the nasopharynx
The “stem” of the epiglottic cartilage is attached to which of the following?
internal surface of the thyroid cartilage
True or false. The contents of the passageways (the lumen) of the respiratory tubes, digestive tubes, and urinary tubes are actually not within the body, but continuous with the external environment surrounding the body.
TRUE
The functional significance of the increase of the surface mucosa of the digestive system is essential for:
absorbing nutrient molecules
Which of the following systems form intimate interfaces with the cardiovascular system to renew, monitor, and maintain the internal water environment that surrounds all the body cells?
urinary, respiratory, digestive
The respiratory tract is a system of tubes that extend from the larynx to the small terminal air spaces within the lungs called?
pulmonary alveoli
The cartilage tissue of the middle layer of the respiratory tubes forms:
a deformable skeletal framework in the wall that keeps the tubes from collapsing
- The majority of the larder respiratory tubes of the bronchial tree:
function as air conduction tubes
The site of gas exchange, the respiratory membrane, includes the adjacent ___ walls of the pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary alveoli
simple squamous epithelial
Functions of the respiratory system:
- allows oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood and enter the air.
- provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing their entry into the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces.
- allows for speech and sound generation.
The vestibule just inside each naris is lined by ________________ epithelium.
stratified squamous