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Anatomy > Respiratory, Digestive > Flashcards

Respiratory, Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

The parts of the respiratory system can be divided structurally into the ______ .

A

upper and lower respiratory systems

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2
Q

A complete blockage in the right main (primary) bronchus would

A

prevent all airflow from the trachea to the right lung

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3
Q

Sarah comes to your clinic with a cold that has resulted in her nose being stuffed up and secretions draining down her pharynx. Which parts of the respiratory system are directly affected, based on these symptoms?

A

upper respiratory system and conducting zone

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4
Q

The order of the respiratory membrane from the pulmonary alveolar air space to blood plasma.

A

type I and II pneumocytes -> epithelial basement membrane -> capillary basement membrane -> endothelial cells of the capillary wall

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5
Q

Muscles of the pharynx are innervated by what nerves?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X)

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6
Q

The ____________ is the most superficial layer of the trachea.

A

adventitial layer

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7
Q

The _______________ bronchioles represent the end of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

A

terminal

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8
Q

What is part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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9
Q

What is part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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10
Q

When the external anal sphincter is stimulated by the sacral spinal nerve, it acts to ______ the anus.

A

close

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11
Q

The medial epicondyle is damaged and the nerve dorsal to it was injured. Which muscle would be affected?

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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12
Q

Approximately 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the ___ of the body’s midline.

A

left

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13
Q

The heart is often described as the size of your

A

fist

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14
Q

In regards to the surface projection of the heart, the inferior left point is located at the __ left intercostal space, at the midclavicular line.

A

fifth

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15
Q

The __ surface of the heart is deep to the sternum and ribs.

A

anterior

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16
Q

The airways have ____________ generations of branching.

A

23

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17
Q

The narrow, superior portion of the lung is the __________.

A

apex

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18
Q

The __________ is the space between the vestibular folds.

A

rima vestibuli

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19
Q

Mucus produced by the internal nares moves through the pharynx and

A

drains into the esophagus

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20
Q

The bones that separate these areas are known as the

A

nasal conchae

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21
Q

While playing softball, Maria is hit with the bat and her nose is broken. Which of the following bones might have been fractured?

A

nasal bone

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22
Q

The trachea goes down to the level of the fifth___ vertebra, at which point it splits to form the right and left main bronchi.

A

thoracic

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23
Q

A male who does not secrete sufficient testosterone at puberty may have smaller ___ cartilage supporting the anterior wall of his larynx than a male who produces the correct amount.

A

thyroid

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24
Q

A failure of a fetus to produce type II___cells would leave it unable to produce surfactant.

A

alveolar

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25
Q

Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.

A

thoracentesis

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26
Q

Surgery to remove the adenoids would involve which region of the respiratory tract?

A

pharynx

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27
Q

Which is not a method to support ventilation or reestablish airflow?

A

bypass

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28
Q

Which part of the respiratory system helps resonate sounds?

A

nasal cavity

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29
Q

Where is the cardiac notch?

A

medial left lung

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30
Q

When someone has a cold, why does his or her voice sound muffled?

A

increased mucus production in the upper respiratory structures decreases resonance

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31
Q

The soft palate separates the superior __ from the inferior oropharynx.

A

nasopharynx

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32
Q

The sympathetic division of the ANS causes ___________

A

airway dialation

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33
Q

The respiratory zone starts with the ______

A

respiratory bronchioles, which have no cartilage support

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34
Q

The nasopharynx and oropharynx are separated from one another by the ___________

A

soft palate

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35
Q

The type of cartilage that forms the 16-20 C-shapes horizontal rings in the trachea is

A

hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

What structure divides each half of the nasal cavity into three meatuses?

A

Conchae

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37
Q

A blockage in thenasolacrimalducts would mean that tears would no longer drain into the

A

nasal cavity

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38
Q

Oxygen gas and carbon dioxide diffuse across ___________ cells in the alveolus.

A

simple squamous

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39
Q

The wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces and fibroblasts that produce reticular and elastic fibers are alveolar

A

Macrophages

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40
Q

Identify the epithelial tissue that lines the nasopharynx.

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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41
Q

Type I alveolar cells are the __________ in the alveolar lining.

A

most common cell type

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42
Q

The branch of the bronchial tree between the main bronchi and segmental bronchi are

A

lobar bronchi

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43
Q

In which region of the upper respiratory tract would you find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • upper part of nasal vestibule
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
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44
Q

What region acts like a partition that separates the two lungs?

A

Mediastinum

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45
Q

The openings into the nose, the nostrils, are also known as

A

external nares

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46
Q

True or false. The cardiac notch is a structure only on the left lung.

A

true

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47
Q

Ducts from the ___ sinuses drain mucus into the nasal cavity, which allows them to help keep the sinuses free of bacteria and particulate matter

A

paranasal

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48
Q

The paired corniculate cartilages are horn-shaped pieces of ___________

A

elastic cartilage

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49
Q

Which of the following is considered part of both the respiratory system and the digestive system?

A

pharynx

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50
Q

The large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the trachea.

A

epiglottis

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51
Q

Removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity is called ___________.

A

adipose tissue

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52
Q

During inhalation, air flows directly from the trachea into the __ bronchi.

A

main

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53
Q

The nasal __separates the nasal cavity into the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses.

A

conchae

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54
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

A

hyaline

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55
Q

A pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the

A

lungs

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56
Q

Which bronchi split to immediately form segmental bronchi?

A

lobar

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57
Q

The bony framework of the nose includes the ___________.

A

frontal bone

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58
Q

The epiglottis is composed of__ cartilage

A

elastic

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59
Q

The tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm (5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter located anterior to the esophagus is the ______ .

A

trachea

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60
Q

The opening of the oropharynx into the oral cavity is called ___________

A

fauces

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61
Q

These statements are true for the nasopharynx:

A
  • lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Is the superior portion of the pharynx
  • Has openings that lead to the auditory (eustachian) tubes
    -Moves dust-laden mucus down the pharynx
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62
Q

Which of the following lobes of the lungs is the closest proximity to the heart?

A

left superior

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63
Q

External respiration involves the movement of O2 in which of the following ways?

A

alveoli -> blood in pulmonary capillaries

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64
Q

This structure is located near the opening of the auditory tube and is part of the immune system:

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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65
Q

The vocal cords attach to the ___ posteriorly.

A

arytenoid cartilages

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66
Q

This important layer of the tissue is attached to the lung themselves.

A

visceral pleura

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67
Q

The major muscle(s) of inspiration is/are the ___

A

Diaphragm

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68
Q

The regulation of breathing is done by the ___

A

Brain

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69
Q

The collapse of the lung due to rupture of the alveolar sacs or the puncture of the pleural cavity is called the ___

A

Pneumothorax

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70
Q

Which region of the pharynx is involved with equalizing the pressure within the middle ear (popping your eyes)?

A

Nasopharynx

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71
Q

The actual exchange of gases occurs where in the respiratory system?

A

respiratory membrane

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72
Q

What is the leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that closes over the larynx when you swallow?

A

Epiglottis

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73
Q

Each secondary bronchi supplies a portion of the lungs known as a(n) ___

A

Lobe

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74
Q

Respiratory bronchioles first branch into alveolar ___

A

Ducts

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75
Q

Which region(s) of the brain coordinate the transition from inhalation to exhalation?

A

pneumotaxic area of the pons and the apneustic area of the pons

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76
Q

True or false. Lung volume increases because air rushes in from the atmosphere.

A

false

These statements are TRUE:
- during contraction, the diaphragm flattens out
- For inhalation to occur, the volume of the lungs must first increase
- For normal exhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- When the volume of the lungs decreases, the alveolar pressure increases

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77
Q

The major effect of exercise un respiration is ___

A

to increase the depth and rate or breathing

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78
Q

The trachea is lined with ___

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelia

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79
Q

Where are the respiratory control centers located in the brain?

A

pons and medulla oblongata

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80
Q

When cardiac output increases, during strenuous exercise, which of the following is correct?

A

blood flow to the lungs increases

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81
Q

Which statement about the pharynx is correct:

A

In the nasopharynx, the cilia move the mucus down toward the most inferior part of the nasopharynx

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82
Q

The “stem” of the epiglottic cartilage is attached to which of the following?

A

internal surface of the thyroid cartilage

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83
Q

True or false. The contents of the passageways (the lumen) of the respiratory tubes, digestive tubes, and urinary tubes are actually not within the body, but continuous with the external environment surrounding the body.

A

TRUE

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84
Q

The functional significance of the increase of the surface mucosa of the digestive system is essential for:

A

absorbing nutrient molecules

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85
Q

Which of the following systems form intimate interfaces with the cardiovascular system to renew, monitor, and maintain the internal water environment that surrounds all the body cells?

A

urinary, respiratory, digestive

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86
Q

The respiratory tract is a system of tubes that extend from the larynx to the small terminal air spaces within the lungs called?

A

pulmonary alveoli

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87
Q

The cartilage tissue of the middle layer of the respiratory tubes forms:

A

a deformable skeletal framework in the wall that keeps the tubes from collapsing

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88
Q
  1. The majority of the larder respiratory tubes of the bronchial tree:
A

function as air conduction tubes

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89
Q

The site of gas exchange, the respiratory membrane, includes the adjacent ___ walls of the pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelial

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90
Q

Functions of the respiratory system:

A
  • allows oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood and enter the air.
  • provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing their entry into the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces.
  • allows for speech and sound generation.
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90
Q

The vestibule just inside each naris is lined by ________________ epithelium.

A

stratified squamous

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91
Q

The external nose is the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face. The largest part of the external nose is composed of:

A

hyaline cartilage

92
Q

The partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts is called the

A

nasal septum

93
Q

Air is filtered as it moves through narrow curved channels in the nasal cavity called _______________ and the debris is trapped and moved towards the pharynx by _______________ epithelium.

A

meati, pseudostratified ciliated columnar

94
Q

These cavities or ducts drain in or out of the nasal cavity:

A
  • vestibule
  • paranasal sinus
  • auditory tube
95
Q

Functions of nasal cavity:

A
  • filters the air
  • humidifies the air
  • warms the air
96
Q

Which one of the below is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A. vestibule
B. nasopharynx
C. oropharynx
D. laryngopharynx

A

nasopharynx

97
Q

The posterior surface of the nasopharynx contains the ___________ tonsils.

A

pharyngeal

98
Q

The soft palate including the uvula closes off the ______________ when swallowing.

A

nasopharynx

99
Q

The role of the false vocal cords or vestibular folds in swallowing is to

A

prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx.

100
Q

Laryngitis is an infection or inflammation of the mucosal epithelium of the

A

true vocal cords.

101
Q

In a normal conversation, Sally and Dawn who are of similar age, height and weight, speak at the same decibel level, but Sally’s pitch is always higher than Dawn’s. What might cause this difference?

A

Sally vibrates only the anterior parts of her true vocal cords while Dawn vibrates a greater length of her true vocal cords.

102
Q

The largest laryngeal cartilage is the ___________ and the only elastic laryngeal cartilage is the _____________.

A

thyroid, epiglottis

103
Q

Coughing will cause the trachealis muscle to

A

contract which will narrow the diameter of the trachea.

104
Q

The inferior larynx and trachea are lined by __________________ epithelium.

A

pseudostratified columnar

105
Q

The carina forms a ridge, which is a radiologic landmark and physiologic landmark. The carina is the

A

the last area of the respiratory tree that can initiate a coughing reflex.

106
Q

In the respiratory tree, that area where the C-shaped cartilages are replaced with cartilage plates and smooth muscle, which forms a layer between the cartilage and the mucous membrane, is the

A

secondary bronchi.

107
Q

In an asthma attack the _________________ muscle in the ______________ contract.

A

smooth, terminal bronchioles

108
Q

Ninety percent of the epithelium of the alveoli is

A

simple squamous.

109
Q

If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to

A

recoil so exhalation would be impeded.

110
Q

Surfactant is a mixture of lipoprotein molecules released by special cells in the alveoli called

A

Type II pneumocytes.

111
Q

The pathway of oxygen from the alveoli across the respiratory membrane to the capillaries is

A

simple squamous → basement membrane of alveolus → interstitial space → basement membrane of capillary → simple squamous

112
Q

The left and right lungs in humans do not contain the same number of lobes. The right lung contains _________ lobes while the left lung contains ________ lobes because

A

3, 2; the heart takes up space on the left side.

113
Q

Two-thirds of the increase in thoracic cavity volume during inspiration is caused by

A

contraction of the diaphragm.

114
Q

The muscles that are most active in expiration are the

A

internal intercostals

115
Q

The lungs are found within two cavities called the

A

pleural and thoracic cavities.

116
Q

The membrane that lines the inner thoracic cavity wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum is the

A

parietal pleura.

117
Q

The space between the two lungs that houses the heart, trachea, esophagus and associated structures is called the

A

mediastinum

118
Q

Your vestibular and vocal cords close tightly, your abdominal muscles contract, and the muscles of expiration contract forcefully. You have just experienced the preparation for a(n)

A

cough reflex.

119
Q

Type II pneumocytes of the alveoli produce a mixture of lipoproteins called

A

surfactant

120
Q

In premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease, surfactant is not produced in adequate quantities and a respirator may be required. This is because surfactant

A

decreases the surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli.

121
Q

Nitrogen is not normally exchanged in the respiratory tract, yet the partial pressures of nitrogen varies in inhaled air, alveolar air and expired air. The differences can be explained because

A

oxygen is removed and carbon dioxide is added to the alveoli and water is added all along the respiratory tract.

122
Q

Toxins that decrease the abundance of cilia in the respiratory tract tend to increase the

A

coughing reflex.

123
Q

After vigorous exercise, you increase your rate and depth of breathing. This will cause the

A

partial pressure differences for oxygen and carbon dioxide to increase across the respiratory membrane.

124
Q

Deoxygenated blood from the bronchi and bronchioles mix with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins. This is called the

A

anatomical shunt.

125
Q

In the lungs, as a result of CO2 diffusing into the alveoli, you would expect hemoglobin’s ability to bind to oxygen to

A

increase

126
Q

In carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, CO binds to the heme of hemoglobin much easier than oxygen. What effect will this have on the ability of the tissues to get oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin will bind to less oxygen, and hemoglobin will not release as much oxygen to the tissue.

127
Q

The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups make up the respiratory center and are located in the

A

medulla oblongata.

128
Q

The group in the respiratory center that is most active during inspiration is the

A

dorsal group

129
Q

Which of the following muscles is stimulated by the dorsal respiratory group?

A

diaphragm

130
Q

Which of the following muscles is (are) stimulated by the ventral respiratory group?

A
  • external abdominal oblique
  • internal intercostals
131
Q

A decrease in oxygen in the tissues below normal levels is called

A

hypoxia

132
Q

If exercise exceeds the anaerobic threshold, skeletal muscle will

A

produce and release lactic acid into blood.

133
Q

When you are exercising, your rate of breathing increases because

A

the PCO2 levels increase and pH levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid drop.

134
Q

The following changes can be seen in respiration after fitness training:

A
  • Minute volume is greatly increased at maximal exercise.
  • Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood increases at maximal exercise.
  • Minute volume is essentially unchanged at rest.
135
Q

What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • bronchi
  • larynx
  • lungs
  • trachea
136
Q

These sinuses are part of the paranasal sinus:

A
  • ethmoidal sinus
  • frontal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • sphenoidal sinus
137
Q

The passageway that opens directly into the nasopharynx is the

A

auditory tubes

138
Q

The structure that separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx is the

A

uvula

139
Q

The largest cartilage in the larynx is the

A

thyroid cartilage.

140
Q

The true vocal cords and the opening between them are called the

A

glottis

141
Q

Which of these structures prevents the movement of swallowed materials into the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis
  • vestibular folds
142
Q

Which of these structures has no cartilage around it?

A
  • terminal bronchiole
143
Q

Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the bronchi:

  1. alveolar duct
  2. alveolus
  3. respiratory bronchiole
  4. terminal bronchiole
A

terminal bronchiole -> respiratory bronchiole -> alveolar duct -> alveolus

144
Q

For inspiration during labored breathing, all of these muscles contract:

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
  • pectoralis minor muscles
  • sternocleidomastoid muscles
145
Q

Visceral pleura is found

A

on the surface of the lung.

146
Q

Besides lubricating the visceral and parietal pleura, pleural fluid also

A

holds the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together.

147
Q

If alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure

A

decreases

148
Q

During expiration, the volume of the thorax __________ as the diaphragm __________ .

A

decreases, relaxes

149
Q

Lung recoil occurs because of elastic fibers in the alveolar walls and

A

surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli.

150
Q

Surfactant function:

A

reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli.

151
Q

Arrange the following events in the correct order as they occur during inspiration:

  1. air flows into the lungs
  2. alveolar volume increases
  3. thoracic volume increases
  4. pleural pressure decreases
  5. alveolar pressure decreases
A

thoracic volume increases -> pleural pressure decreases -> alveolar volume increases -> alveolar pressure decreases -> air flows into the lungs

152
Q

In which areas is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) normally the greatest?

A

inspired air

153
Q

Which of these conditions causes a decreased rate of diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

A
  • increased fluid in the lungs
  • decreased diffusion coefficient
  • decreased respiratory surface area
  • decreased partial pressure gradient
154
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the respiratory membrane and into and out of cells by the process of

A

diffusion

155
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood.

A

bicarbonate ions

156
Q

This increases respiratory rate:

A

increased blood PCO2

157
Q

Hyperventilation produces these effects:

A
  • decreased blood PCO2
  • vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
  • decreased blood pressure
  • increase in pH
158
Q

The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is

A

CO2 level in the blood.

159
Q

Without the hormone ___ the parietal and chief cells would not secrete HCl or pepsinogen.

A

Gastrin

160
Q

___ digestion includes the splitting of ingested compounds by hydrolysis

A

Chemical

161
Q

In most GI Tract sections, the___consists of two layers of muscle, circular and longitudinal. They act to churn and propel the food along the tract.

A

Muscularis

162
Q

The kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum lie outside the peritoneal cavity, thus referred to as

A

Retroperitoneal

163
Q

All of the following accessory organs of the digestive tract either secrete or store secretions and never come in direct contact with food EXCEPT the ___________.

  • tongue
  • gallbladder
  • salivary glands
  • liver
A

Tongue

164
Q

Approximately 7 liters of fluid enter the digestive tract’s lumen daily from accessory organs or cells within the walls of the digestive tract. This process is called

A

secretion

165
Q

The capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called

A

Motility

166
Q

What happens to processed food that is unusable in the GI tract?

A

goes to the large intestine for elimination

167
Q

The lamina propria and the epithelium belong to which layer of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa

168
Q

Superficial to the mucosa is a layer that contains blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue. This layer is the:

A

Submucosa

169
Q

Identify the correct order of the layers that form the GI tract wall from deep to superficial:

A

Deepest to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer (muscularis), serosa

170
Q

This double sheet of peritoneal fold loosely anchors the large intestine while allowing muscular movements for contraction.

A

Mesocolon

171
Q

The peritoneal fold that contains blood vessels, lymph nodes, and anchors the small intestine is the ___________.

A

Mesentery

172
Q

The lesser omentum arises as an anterior fold in the serosa between which of the following two organs?

A

stomach and duodenum

173
Q

The peritoneal fold that arises from the greater curvature of the stomach and forms a “fat-filled, apron-like” membrane is the ___________.

A

greater omentum

174
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the peritoneum?

A

simple squamous

175
Q

Which peritoneal fold contains the hepatic portal vein, the common hepatic artery, and the common bile duct?

A

lesser momentum

176
Q

The __ sphincter prevents the backward flow of chyme from the duodenum to the stomach.

A

pyloric

177
Q

A patient presents with signs of moderate anemia and complains of an upset stomach. Her lab results reveal a positive H. pylori test. This patient is likely suffering from a/an

A

peptic ulcer

178
Q

A patient learns that she has a condition in which her gastric glands’ G cells are not functioning. This patient is likely experiencing ___________.

A

a decrease in the secretion of gastric juice, decreases stomach motility, and onset of GERD

179
Q

The peritoneal fold that spans between the body wall (parietal peritoneum) and the gut tube (visceral peritoneum) is known as the

A

Mesentery

180
Q

The esophagus enters the first area of the stomach, which is named the

A

Cardia

181
Q

A thin layer of smooth muscle designed to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion is found in the __ mucosae.

A

Muscularis

182
Q

The stomach is especially adept at churning and mixing. It contains ___________.

A

3 layers of muscle in the muscularis:
- Outer longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Inner oblique

183
Q

___is the process of digested foods or secreted fluids entering the mucosa of the intestines.

A

absorption

184
Q

The __ cavity is in contact with the visceral and parietal peritoneum, mesentery as well as omenta and is lubricated with serous fluid

A

Peritoneal

185
Q

Which layer found in the stomach and intestines corresponds to the adventitia of the esophagus?

A

Serosa

186
Q

The following statements are correct about the stomach:

A
  • Gastrin stimulates the secretion of parietal and chief cells.
  • Folds of rugae allow for increased stretching of the stomach.
  • Hydrochloric acid lowers the pH of the gastric juice (i.e. makes it more acidic).
187
Q

This membranous sheet of tissue spans between the body wall and organs of the gut tube.

A

Mesentery

188
Q

The salivary glands, liver, and pancreas facilitate which of the following digestive processes?

A

Secretion

189
Q

The outermost layer of the digestive organs is called the ___, also known as the visceral peritoneum.

A

Serosa

190
Q

___ digestion breaks down ingested food by cutting and grinding the food with the teeth.

A

Mechanical

191
Q

Enzymes secreted by these allow the digestion of carbohydrates in the fundus of the stomach.

A

Salivary glands

192
Q

The greater___ extends from the stomach’s greater curvature and is the largest of the peritoneal folds

A

Omentum

193
Q

Without the ___layer, the contents of the stomach would not be mixed into chyme or forced out through the pyloric sphincter.

A

Muscularis

194
Q

___ digestion includes the splitting of ingested compounds by hydrolysis.

A

Chemical

195
Q

Which digestive organ in the abdominal cavity is the only organ that is attached to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Liver

196
Q

Which of the following is composed of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a nerve plexus?

A

Submucosa

197
Q

The bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has a direct effect on which layer of the stomach?

A

Mucosa

198
Q

An accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity is called

A

Ascites

199
Q

Which layer of the GI tract contains the majority of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?

A

lamina propria

200
Q

The function of a proton pump within the parietal cells of the stomach is to produce ___________.

A

hydrochloric acid

201
Q

Most of the vigorous mixing of gastric juices and food occurs in which area of the stomach?

A

Body

202
Q

Which of the peritoneal folds contains numerous lymph nodes that help control infections of the GI tract?

A

greater omentum

203
Q

Vitamin B12absorption requires __ factor that is secreted from the parietal cells of the stomach.

A

Intrinsic

204
Q

How many layers are found in the greater omentum?

A

Four

205
Q

When the stomach is full and distended, which of the following structures are no longer visibly present?

A

Rugae

206
Q

Which vein delivers nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to liver sinusoids?

A

hepatic portal vein

207
Q

What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
208
Q

The fan-shaped fold peritoneum which secures the loops of the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall is the

A

Mesentery

209
Q

Which major salivary gland is located inferior and anterior to the ears, between the skin and the master muscle?

A

Parotid gland

210
Q

What cells are responsible for secreting the products that make gastric juice?

A
  • Mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
  • Chief cells
211
Q

Trace the path of waste through the large intestine.

A

Ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon - > rectum

212
Q

What structure attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?

A

falciform ligament

213
Q

Function of the muscular oblique layer of the stomach:

A

churning and mixing the food

214
Q

Functions of the pancreas:

A
  • Proceeds sodium bicarbonate which buffers acidic chyme from the stomach
  • Produces pancreatic amylase which breaks down starch
  • Produces pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides
  • Produces chymotrypsin which breaks down proteins
215
Q

Layers of the digestive canal:
(deepest to superficial)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular layer (muscularis)
  4. Serosa (Adventitia)
216
Q

This structure secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into blood and releases its produced juice into the duodenum:

A

Pancreas

217
Q

Functions of the liver:

A
  • is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
  • enters the lumen of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
  • acts to emulsify fatty substances
218
Q

Which blood vessel drains blood into the inferior vena cava?

A

hepatic vein

219
Q

In tubular organs, the name of the internal layer is the:

A

tunica mucosa or tunica intima

220
Q

The innermost tissue of the any tubular system is always some type of:

A

epithelial tissue

221
Q

In tubular organs, the name of the middle layer is the:

A

tunica media or tunica muscularis

222
Q

In tubular organs, the name of the external layer is the:

A

tunica external or tunica adventitia

223
Q

Contraction of the muscle in the tunica muscularis of the digestive tube:

A
  • Helps propel the content through the tube
  • Assists with mixing the contents and secretions within the tube
  • Assist with mechanical breakdown of the contents
224
Q

To protect the underlying vascular layers of it mucosa, the transport tube called the esophagus has an epithelial lining of:

A

stratified squamous epithelium

225
Q

The tunica mucosa of the stomach has a complex series of folds and pit that greatly increase the surface area. This increases the number gastric glands that empty secretion into the mucosal surface. Each day the glands empty ___ mL of gastric secretions into the stomach.

A

2,000 - 3,000

226
Q

What surface structures are the most numbers structures of the digestive tract mucosa?

A

Microvilli

227
Q

The epithelial that lines the lumen of the esophagus is __ __ epithelium:

A

stratified squamous

228
Q

The indicted structures that “wrinkle” the inside wall of the stomach are ___

A

Rugae

Anatomy (7 decks)

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