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Anatomy > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Spinal Cord & Brain

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2
Q

A mixed nerve contains

A

sensory and motor nerve fibers

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial Nerve
Ganglion
Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerve

A

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

The _________ portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers.

A

Somatic

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5
Q

The _________ division of the nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle.

A

Autonomic

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6
Q

The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is known as the _________ division.

A

afferent

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT true?

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ganglia near the spinal cord.

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located within the CNS.

Cell bodies of the first neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in autonomic ganglia.

Interneurons are located entirely within the CNS.

A

Cell bodies of the first neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in autonomic ganglia.

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8
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are subdivisions of the

A

autonomic nervous system.

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9
Q

Which of the following effectors in NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

cardiac muscle

glands

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

A

skeletal muscle

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10
Q

The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle.

A

autonomic

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11
Q

Which one of the following types of neuroglial cells is found in the peripheral nervous system?

microglia
Schwann cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

Which of the following types of neurons has a single process extending from the cell body which later divides a short distance away into central and peripheral processes?

A

unipolar

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13
Q

Which of the following types of neuroglia are found in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ependymal cells

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14
Q

Which of the following is involved in the myelination of axons of the central nervous system?

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system are called

A

nuclei

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16
Q

How are Bipolar neurons different than other neurons?

A

are located in special sensory organs such as the retina.

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17
Q

Microglia are

A

specialized macrophages of the CNS that mobilize in response to inflammation.

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18
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are

A

interruptions in the myelin sheath along the course of a myelinated axon

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19
Q

White matter consists of

A

myelinated axons

20
Q

Gray matter consists of

A

Neuron cell bodies & unmylinated axons

21
Q

Which of the following is found in the central nervous system?

ganglion
nerve
tract
Schwann cell

A

tract

22
Q

When a nerve cell membrane changes from positive inside to negative inside, the cell membrane is undergoing

A

repolarization

23
Q

Which type of propagation occurs along a myelinated axon?

A

saltatory

24
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the resting membrane potential?

The membrane is relatively more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions.

Potassium ions are constantly moving out of the cell down their concentration gradient.

Sodium ions are in relatively higher concentration inside the cell than outside.

The membrane is relatively permeable to chloride ions.

A

Sodium ions are in relatively higher concentration inside the cell than outside.

25
Q

During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following is the primary activity?

Sodium ions are flowing out of the cell.

Sodium ions are flowing into the cell.

Potassium ions are flowing into the cell.

Potassium ions are flowing out of the cell.

A

Potassium ions are flowing out of the cell.

26
Q

The threshold of a neuron is the

A

voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels.

27
Q

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following situations exists?

The membrane is becoming less permeable to all ions.

The inside of the membrane is becoming more negative with respect to the outside.

The membrane potential remains constant.

The inside of the membrane is becoming more positive with respect to the outside.

A

The inside of the membrane is becoming more positive with respect to the outside.

28
Q

Local potentials have ALL of the following characteristics EXCEPT

propagation.

variation of amplitude.

comparatively long duration.

no refractory period.

A

propagation.

29
Q

In the resting state of the membrane, which of the following situations exists for voltage-gated sodium ion channels?

The activation and inactivation gates alternate being closed and open.

The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed

The activation and inactivation gates are both closed.

The activation gate is open and the inactivation gate is closed.

A

The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed

30
Q

Release of which neurotransmitter leads to the excitation and contraction of skeletal muscles?

A

acetylcholine

31
Q

Which substance is thought to reduce the perception of pain by inhibiting substance P?

endorphin
dopamine
glutamine
histamine

A

endorphin

32
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers in your arm relax because of spinal cord motor neuron inhibition by what neurotransmitter?

A

glycine

33
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with a decreased secretion of what neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine
(Destruction of dopamine secreting neurons leads to a loss of voluntary muscle control)

34
Q

Amphetamines produce a state of increased alertness and wakefulness by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine

35
Q

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is:

always excitatory in the human body.

also a hormone.

actively transported back into synaptic end bulbs.

None of the above.

A

None of the above.

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT true concerning an electrical synapse?

Connexons carry ions between the two communicating cells.

Information travels in one direction only.

This type of synapse is characteristic of cardiac muscle.

Information transfer does not involve the release of neurotransmitters.

A

Information travels in one direction only.

37
Q

When a depolarization wave reaches the synaptic end bulb of a presynaptic neuron, the NEXT event is

A

diffusion of calcium ions into the cell.

38
Q

A neurotransmitter that allows sodium ions to leak into a postsynaptic neuron causes

no changes in the resting potential
damage to the myelin sheath
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
an alteration of the membrane threshold

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials

39
Q

A drug called a “monoamine-oxide inhibitor” might be expected to cause

A

increased levels of norepinephrine at a synapse.

40
Q

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase insures that

A

the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction has a short duration of action.

41
Q

A single motor neuron in the central nervous system, which receives a number of EPSPs and IPSPs simultaneously, illustrates which type of neuronal circuit?

A

converging

42
Q

A single stimulus that elicits several responses involves which type of neuronal circuit?

A

diverging

43
Q

The generation of an action potential in response to spatial summation illustrates which type of neuronal circuit?

A

converging
(A spatial summation influences convergent circuits.)

44
Q

Neuron one stimulates neuron two. Neuron two stimulates an interneuron that re-stimulates neuron one and so on. What type of neuronal circuit is involved?

converging
diverging
refractory
oscillating

A

oscillating
(An oscillating circuit has neurons arranged in a circular fashion)

45
Q

Axon collaterals of a first motor neuron (preganglionic neuron) of the autonomic nervous system synapsing with several second motor neurons in autonomic ganglia illustrate which type of neuronal circuit?

A

diverging
(Diverging neuronal circuits contain a smaller number of presynaptic neurons synapsing with a larger number of postsynaptic neurons to allow information transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge into two or more pathways)

Anatomy (7 decks)

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