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Anatomy > Chap 10 Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chap 10 Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The tissue surrounding an entire muscle is known as

A

epimysium

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2
Q

the tissue that surrounds a muscle cell (myofiber) is known as

A

endomysium

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3
Q

Muscle fibers re bundled into groups known as

A

fascicles

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4
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) are wrapped by a tissue known as

A

perimysium

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5
Q

A connective tissue on the surface of muscles (that extends onto the tendon and bone) is known as

A

fascia

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6
Q

One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has conductivity. Which of the following best describes this characteristic?

A

Muscles have local electrical charges that are capable of moving along the muscle fiber.

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7
Q

One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has extensibility. Which of the following best describes this characteristic?

A

Muscles can stretch when needed.

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8
Q

One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has excitability. Which of the following best describes this characteristic?

A

Muscles contract when stimulated.

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9
Q

Which of the following groups are considered to be parts of the series-elastic components of muscle?

A

endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia, and tendons

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10
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of the series-elastic component of muscle?

A

These are not excitable or contractile, but are extensible and elastic.

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11
Q

What part of a muscle is the muscle fiber?

A

muscle cell itself

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12
Q

The outer membrane of the muscle fiber is known as the

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

The cytoplasm within the muscle fiber is known as the

A

sarcoplasm

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14
Q

The cytoplasm within the muscle fiber contains a molecule to distribute oxygen within the cell. This molecule is known as

A

myoglobin

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15
Q

The molecule within the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that supplies quick energy for contraction is

A

glycogen

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16
Q

The myofilaments within the muscle fiber are composed of three integral items. Which of the following lists the components correctly?

A

myosin, actin, and elastic (titin) filament.

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17
Q

Thick filaments within the myofibril are composed of

A

myosin

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18
Q

Thin filaments within the myofibril are composed primarily of

A

actin

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19
Q

The elastic filaments within a myofibril are composed of molecules known as

A

titin

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20
Q

The elastic filaments within a myofibril are attached to and wound around, which of the following?

A

myosin

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21
Q

In the myofibril, ATP is used for which of the following?

A

muscle tone
muscle contraction
muscle relaxation

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22
Q

Which of the following tissues has the greatest ability to repair itself?

A

smooth muscle

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23
Q

Of the following muscles types, which one has long, cylindrical-shaped cells?

A

skeletal muscle

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24
Q

Of the following muscle types, which one has only one nucleus?

A

smooth muscle

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25
Q

Of the following muscle types, which one does NOT have striations?

A

smooth muscle

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26
Q

Of the following muscle types, which one is usually voluntary?

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

Objects that move through organs that are surrounded by smooth muscle are often moved by means of

A

peristalsis.

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28
Q

Of the following muscle types, which one is found in the middle layer of the aorta?

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

The “all-or-none” concept of skeletal muscle contraction means that

A

muscle fibers contract completely.

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30
Q

Which of the following best describes the use of muscle tone in the body?

A

It keeps our backs straight and our heads up.

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31
Q

Action potential frequency is best described as:

A

The number of action potentials produced per unit of time.

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32
Q

Triads in skeletal muscle consist of which of the following?

A

two terminal cisternae and a T-tubule.

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33
Q

When acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft, what happens to the choline?

A

It is reabsorbed at the presynaptic terminal and combined with more acetic acid to make acetylcholine.

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34
Q

The recovery stroke in muscle contraction involves which of the following?

A

return of the myosin head to its original position after the cross bridge releases

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35
Q

Which of the following is one of the primary functions of muscle tissue?

A

heat production

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36
Q

The ability of a muscle to be stimulated is called

A

excitability

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37
Q

Which of the following muscles is involuntary and is the most widely found throughout the body?

A

smooth

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38
Q

Which of the following types of muscles contain intercalated discs and branching fibers?

A

cardiac

39
Q

Which of the following muscle types contains peripherally located, multiple nuclei in its cells?

A

skeletal

40
Q

The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the Z line?

A

an attachment point for actin molecules

41
Q

The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the I band?

A

a band where only actin molecules are found

42
Q

The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the H band?

A

a band where only myosin molecules are found

43
Q

Which of the following is the A band within a myofibril?

A

myosin myofilaments in profile

44
Q

Which of the following is the unit in a myofibril from Z line to Z line?

A

sarcomere

45
Q

Which of the following best describes a muscle motor unit?

A

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by that nerve

46
Q

On the surface of the sarcolemma, the voltage may shift up and down rapidly. This change in electrical potential caused by shifts in ions across the membrane is known as a(n)

A

action potential

47
Q

During an action potential, calcium is released into the sarcoplasm, near the actin and myosin molecules. Which of the following is the best explanation of what the calcium does?

A

The calcium removes the tropomyosin block.

48
Q

When the myosin head (of the thick filament) flexes into a bend, while releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate, pulling the thin filament along with it, this is called the

A

power stroke

49
Q

When the thick and the thin filaments pull together, which of the following is TRUE?

A

The sarcomere gets shorter.

50
Q

The tissues of cardiac muscle have unique structures known as

A

intercalated discs

51
Q

Intercalated discs are capable of doing which of the following?

A

pass electrical stimulation to other cardiac cells

52
Q

Which of the following is unique about cardiac muscle tissue?

A

The cells have large mitochondria.

53
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of cardiac tissue?

A

It contains only small amounts of myoglobin and glycogen.

54
Q

Which of the following proteins attaches Z discs to myosin myofilaments?

A

titin

55
Q

The functional connection between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber is called a(an)

A

synapse

56
Q

When the neuron stimulates a muscle fiber, what molecule diffuses across the gap between them?

A

acetylcholine

57
Q

Once a signal molecule has left the neuron and binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of the muscle fiber, a sodium channel opens, allowing entry of sodium into the muscle fiber. Which substance is then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium

58
Q

Muscle fibers and neurons are called electrically excitable cells because

A

their plasma membranes exhibit voltage changes in response to stimulation

59
Q

Movement of which of the following proteins causes exposure of the active sites on the actin molecule?

A

tropomyosin

60
Q

What type of molecule is acetylcholine?

A

It is a neurotransmitter.

61
Q

Binding of acetylcholine with its receptor on muscle cells causes

A

opening of a ligand-gated sodium channel

62
Q

What kind of molecule is ACh?

A

protein

63
Q

In the muscle fiber, what is the function of acetylcholinesterase?

A

It deactivates acetylcholine.

64
Q

What is the voltage of the resting potential of the sarcolemma?

A

-70 mv

65
Q

Which of the following is a molecule that binds to a receptor?

A

acetylcholine

66
Q

Which of the following assures quick removal of neurotransmitter at the junction between a nerve and a muscle?

A

acetylcholinesterase

67
Q

A buildup of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft without breakdown may cause which of the following?

A

spastic paralysis

68
Q

In a muscle twitch, which of the following represents the time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction?

A

lag

69
Q

Which of the following determines the height of the peaks in multiple motor unit summation?

A

the amount of tension produced by the number of motor units responding

70
Q

Which of the following is true of an isometric muscle contraction?

A

Not enough tension is generated so the muscle does not change in length

71
Q

Eccentric muscle contractions occur when

A

a person slowly lowers a heavy weight

72
Q

All of the following are true of muscle tone

A

exists for long periods of time
helps maintain the head upright
Tension in the whole muscle remains constant.

73
Q

Smooth body movements result from

A

both incomplete and complete titanic contractions of motor units contracting out of phase with each other.

74
Q

Active tension in a muscle is defined as

A

the tension applied to a load when the muscle contracts.

75
Q

The sum of active and passive tension is called

A

total tension.

76
Q

Which of the following types of muscle fatigue represents depletion of ATP?

A

muscular

77
Q

Which of the following types of fatigue is caused by the release of more acetylcholine than can be produced to replace it?

A

synaptic

78
Q

Muscle soreness can be produced by which of the following?

A

muscular fatigue
enzymes in the extracellular fluid commonly found within muscle
collagen in the extracellular fluid

79
Q

Which of the following represents extreme muscular fatigue when the muscle is incapable of either contracting or relaxing?

A

physiological contracture

80
Q

Which of the following energy storages source is most commonly used during the first 10 seconds of exercise?

A

creatine phosphate

81
Q

During anaerobic respiration, what is the net amount of ATP produced?

A

2 ATP

82
Q

Which of the following represents the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the body to recover from anaerobic respiration?

A

oxygen debt

83
Q

All of the following are characteristics of slow-twitch fibers except

A

large diameter.

84
Q

All of the following are true about fast-twitch fibers except

A

high amount of myoglobin

85
Q

Which of the following is true about distribution of fast and slow-twitch fibers in the body?

A

Slow-twitch fibers are usually more resistant to fatigue.

86
Q

A person with an arm immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks will

A

develop muscular atrophy.

87
Q

Which of the following effects of exercise elevate the body temperature?

A

elevated metabolism from the oxygen debt

vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin

skeletal muscle contractions

88
Q

Unitary smooth muscle is found in which of the following locations in the body?

A

digestive tract

reproductive tract

urinary tract

89
Q

Which of the following is true about smooth muscle?

A

The resting membrane potential is less negative than in skeletal muscle.

90
Q

Which of the following are the most common neurotransmitters in smooth muscle?

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

91
Q

All of the following are properties of cardiac muscle cells except

A

shorter in duration of contraction than skeletal muscles.

92
Q

Which of the following is not an effect of aging on skeletal muscle?

A

increased myoglobin

93
Q

Which of the following exercises slows the loss of muscle fibers in older people?

A

swimming

94
Q

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle fibers in aging people?

A

The number of fibers decreases.

There is a decreased density of capillaries that supply muscle cells.

The number of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle decreases.

Anatomy (7 decks)

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