Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
What is derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch?
Auditory tube
Tympanic cavity
Eardrum
Pharyngeal fistula and tube
What is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch?
Supra tonsillar fossa
Palatine tonsil
What is derived from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
What nerves correspond to each pharyngeal arch?
Arch 1: trigeminal nerve (5)
Arch 2: facial nerve (7)
Arch 3: glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
Arch 4 and 6: vagus nerve
Internal laryngeal vs external laryngeal nerves
Internal laryngeal
- supplies sensory from the focal folds up in the larynx
External laryngeal
- supplies sensory to the cricothyroid
note that the recurrent laryngeal nerve (AKA inferior) supplies sensation and motor to everything below the cricothyroid
Development of the diaphragm
Develops from 4 embryonic structures:
1) Septum transversum
- develops all the diaphragm not from any of the below structures (central tendon)
2) pleuroperitoneal membrane
- generates the posterior-lateral borders of the diaphragm
3) dorsal mesentery of esophagus
- generates the Crura of the diaphragm
4) muscular in growth from lateral body walls of somites 3-5
- muscles of the diaphragm innervated by via the phrenic nerve
Eventration of the diaphragm
Half the diaphragm has defective musculature and allows the intestines to indirectly herniate into the thoracic cavity
Caused by failure of muscle tissues to extend into the pleuroperitoneal membranes (NOT a defect in the membrane itself)
this is in contrast to CDH, where the membrane does not develop and allows direct herniation of the bowls into the lateral borders of the thoracic cavity
What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity
- w/ 4 sinuses
- w/ 3 concha and vomer bone
Pharynx
Larynx
What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea
Primary bronchi
- w/ secondary and tertiary as well
Lungs
- w/ bronchioles and alveoli
3 types of nasal concha
Inferior meatus
- contains the nasolacrimal duct and also is its own separate structures
Middle meatus
- contains the ethmoidal bulla
- contains the semilunar hiatus to connect w/ frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinuses
Superior meatus
- contains posterior ethmoidal sinuses
note that middle and superior meatus are connected
Refresher of the laryngeal muscles
Cricothyroid muscle
- tightens vocal folds
Vocalis muscle
- tightens vocal folds
Thyroartyenoid muscle
- adducts vocal folds
Transverse artyenoid muscle
- adducts vocal folds
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
- abducts the vocal folds
- ONLY one to abduct
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
- adducts the vocal codrds
Types of lung pleura
Parietal pleura
- innervated by intercostal (lateral portion of lung) and phrenic nerve (medial portion of lung)
- outermost layer of the lung
- somatic afferent and sensitive to pain, temp and touch/pressure
Visceral pleura
- innervated by autonomic nerves
- innermost layer attached to the lung
- visceral afferent only sensitive to stretch
Anatomical locations of the lung lobes
Superior lobe (right)
- anterior = above clavicle -> 3rd intercostal space
- lateral (midaxillary) = above clavical -> 4th intercostal space
Superior lobe (left)
- anterior = above clavicle -> 5th intercostal space
- lateral (midaxillary) = above clavicle -> 4th intercostal space
Middle lobe (right)
- anterior = 4th-> 5th intercostal space
- lateral (midaxillary)= 5th -> 7th intercostal space
Inferior lobes
- anterior = 5th -> 6th intercostal space
- posterior = below the scapula
Pump handle and Bucket handle motions of the ribs
Pump handle (ribs 1-6) - move anterior/posteriorly primarily
Bucket handle (ribs 7-10) - move laterally primarily
- movement of the diaphragm is associated with verticals movement of all ribs*
Types of lymph nodes in the lungs (from deep -> proximal to the trachea)
1) bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (hilar lymph nodes)
- drain lymph from all parts of the lungs (often site of malignancy)
2) inferior tracheo-bronchial nodes (cardinal nodes)
- drain lymph from all parts of the lungs EXCEPT left superior lobe.
- usually comes second in line after hilar lymph nodes
3) superior tracheo-bronchial nodes
- drains all lymph
- next after cardinal nodes
- left superior lobe eventually drains to the left bronchmediastinal trunk and to the thoracic duct*
- all other parts of the lung eventually drains to the right lymphatic duct*