Organization Of The Respiratory System Flashcards
What carries oxygen and carbon dioxide primarily?
Hemoglobin = oxygen
Bicarbonate ions = carbon dioxide
What is the primary variable/factor that the respiratory system monitors to change respiratory system (adaption)?
Levels of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
Common abbreviations used in respiratory system measurements
P = gas pressure/partial pressure
Q = blood flow
V = gas volume
F = fractional concentration of gas
A = alveolar gas content
a = arterial blood gas
v = venous blood gas
I = inspired gas
E =. Expired gas
L = Transpulmonary pressures
TM = Transmurual pressures
Abbreviations for respiratory volumes
TLC = total lung capacity
- normal value = 5-6L
FRC = functional residual capacity
- normal value is 2.4L
VC = vital capacities
- normal value is 4.7L
TV = tidal volume
- normal value is 0.5L
FVC =. Forced vital capacity
- normal value is 4.7L
FEV1 = forced vital capacity expired in 1 second
FVC/FEV1 or FEV1% = ratio of FVC: FEV1
- normal is 0.8
Normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
100 mmHg = Oxygen
40 mmHg = carbon dioxide
this is also the same concentration generally in the normal alveolar air
Normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in mixed venous blood
40 mmHg = oxygen
46 mmHg = carbon dioxide
What is normal barometric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
- getting above sea level lowers this
- getting below sea level raises this
- note that oxygen is 21%, nitrogen is 78% of the air partial pressures*
- oxygen partial pressure at sea level is approximately 160 mmHg
Dalton’s law for dry land
Total pressure of gas equals the sum of the partial pressures of the individual pressures
to find the partial pressures of gases:
(fraction of gas (%)) x (barometric pressure)
Dalton’s law for wet land
Same as dry land, however finding the individual partial pressures changes
partial pressures of humidified gas = (fraction of gas (%)) x ((barometric pressure) - (partial pressure of water))
Note that at sea level, water pressure is 47mmHg and remains constant in human bodies (so you dont have to worry about changing this value if your at high altitudes)
Does oxygen or carbon dioxide have a higher solubility constant?
Carbon dioxide (usually around 0.03 compared to the 0.0013 of oxygen)
- note: in the human body, the amount of oxygen dissolved is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen*
- however it does NOT equal the amount of oxygen in the blood since most is bound by hemoglobin and not dissolved
Number of parts containing to each part of the conducting zone
Trachea = 1
Primary bronchi = 2
Secondary bronchi = 4
Tertiary bronchi = 8
note alveolar sacs are not part of the conducting system, but include roughly 6,000,000
What are the ANS receptors in the respiratory system?
Sympathetic =Beta 2
- bronchodilation
Parasympathetic = muscarinic receptors (M3)
- bronchoconstriction
This is found in all portions of the conducting zone, but NOT in the respiratory zone
Where does villa stop being present in the respiratory tract?
Alveolar ducts
- there is some in the respiratory bronchioles*
How many generations are there in the lungs?
23
Shunted blood
Blood that is shunted from the bronchioles to the pulmonary vein
- occurs in pathological situations and is almost always bad
Pushes deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary vein causing hypoxia