Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
The left side of the chest drain its lymph into where?
Thoracic duct and then into the left brachiocephalic vein
The right side of the chest drains its lymph into where?
The right lymphatic duct and then into the right brachiocephalic vein
What is the thoracic outlet (anatomical definition)
The inferior aperture of the rib cage
What parts of the body boarder the thoracic outlet (anatomical definition)?
- 12th vertebra posteriorly
- 11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
- Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and the xiphisternal process anteriorly
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity?
The thoracic-abdominal diaphragm
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?
Anterior rami of C3, C4 and C5 spinal nerves
What are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve?
Pierces are innervates the diaphragm from its inferior surface
What are the sensory functions of the phrenic nerve?
Supplies the central part o the diaphragm
What nerves innervate the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?
Intercostal nerves T7-T12
What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?
Central tendon
What are the three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?
- Lumbar vertebra and acrurate ligaments
- Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
- Xiphoid process of the sternum
Parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebra are known as what?
The crura (left crus and right crus)
Where does the right crus arise from?
L1-L3 vertebra
What feature of the right crus helps prevent gastric reflux?
Some fibres wrap around the oesophageal opening
Where does the left crus arise from?
L1-L2 vertebra
What are hiatuses of the diaphragm?
Openings to allow vessels down into the peritoneal cavity
Where does the caval hiatus occur?
T8 - allows penetration of the inferior vena cava and phrenic nerve through the central tendon of the diaphragm
Where does the oesophageal hiatus occur?
T10 - allows passage of the oesophagus and both the vagus nerves through the sling of the right crus
Where does the aortic hiatus occur?
T12 - transmits the aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos vein between the left and right crura
What kind of shape is the first rib?
Broad and flat
Describe the features of the head of the first rib
Possesses only one facet for articulation with the first thoracic vertebra
Describe the features of the upper surface of the body of the first rib
Marked with two shallow grooves and separated by a scalene tubercle
What is the function o the scalene tubercle?
Attachment to the anterior scalene muscle
What is the structure associated with the anterior groove of the first rib?
Subclavian vein
What are the structures associated with the posterior groove of the first rib?
The subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus
How are the upper and lower respiratory tracts divided into different regions?
Upper tract is above the sternal angle (T4) where the trachea bifurcates - anything below this point is considered to be the lower respiratory tract
What region of the neck is the larynx found and how far does it extend?
Between C3 and C6 and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior boarder of the cricoid cartilage
What innervates the larynx?
Branches of the vagus nerve
What five structures comprise the larynx?
The epiglottis, the hyoid bone, the thyroid cartilage, the arytenoid cartilages and the corniculate cartilages
What structure of the larynx forms the Larnygeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)?
The thyroid cartilage
At what location does the hyoid bone occur?
C2-C3
At what location does the thyrohyoid membrane occur?
C4
At what location does the Larnygeal prominence occur?
C5
At what location does the cricoid cartilage occur and the trachea begin?
C6
Describe the lobed structure of the right lung
Superior lobe, horizontal fissure, middle lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe
Describe the lobed structure of the left lung
Superior lobe, oblique fissure, inferior lobe, cardiac notch, lingula
What is the lingula?
The homologue structure of the middle lobe on the left lung
What is the lung hilum?
The area located on the medial/mediastinal surface of the lung
What is the root of the lung?
Is the group of structures (bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves) that enter or leave the lung hilum
What are the pleura of the lungs?
Membranes that surround the lungs
What pleura adheres to the interior of the rib cage?
Parietal pleura
What pleura adheres to the the lungs themselves?
Visceral pleura
What fills the pleural cavity?
Pleural fluid (approx. 3ml)
What is the region of space between the left and right lung called?
Mediastinum
The root of the right lung has an additional structure, what is this?
An additional bronchus called the eparietal bronchus (the right primary bronchus is called the hyparietal bronchus)
What is the region of the lung pleural close to the apex of the lungs referred to as?
The cupular pleura
What is the region of the lung pleural close to the mediastinal surface called?
The mediastinal pleura
What is the region of the lung pleural close to the ribs called?
The costal pleura
What is the region of the lung pleural close to the diaphragm called?
The diaphragmatic pleura
Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura
Somatic nerves (IC nerves and phrenic nerve)
Describe the nerve supply of the visceral pleura
Autonomic nerves (T2-T5)
The nerves of the pleura are sensitive to what stimulus?
Pain
What is a pleural reflection?
A place where the pleura changes its direction of travel
What is a pleural recess?
The increased space between the layers of the pleura occurring at the pleural reflections
What two reflections and recesses surround the lungs?
Costomediatinal and costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic)
Where does the costomediastinal reflection and recess occur?
Cardiac notch of the left lung
Where does the costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic) reflection and recess occur?
Below the lungs
