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cardiology and respiratory > respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

Borders function and histology of the nasopharynx

A

Base of skull and roof of soft palate
Conditions inspired air and propagates it to the larynx
Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Borders of oropharyns

A

Soft palate and superior border of epiglottis

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4
Q

What does the nasopharynx contain

A

Adenoid tonsils

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5
Q

What does the oropharynx contain

A

Lingual and palatine tonsils
Superior constrictor muscle
Posterior 1/3 of tongue

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6
Q

Borders of the laryngopharynx

A

Superior border of epiglottis and inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

What does the laryngopharynx contain

A

Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

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8
Q

What are the three circular pharyngeal constructor muscles

A

Superior middle and inferior

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9
Q

What are the two components and differences of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

Superior component - oblique fissures that attach to thyroid cartilage
Inferior component - horizontal fissures that attach to cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

Innervation of pharyngeal constrictors

A

VAGUS NERVE

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11
Q

Arterial supply to the pharynx ?

A

Branches of the external carotid :
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of facial artery
Branches of lingual and maxillary artery

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12
Q

What does the tympanic nerve innervate

A

Sensation to the middle ear
Parotid gland
Mastoid air cells

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13
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Phonation cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract

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14
Q

Three divisions of the larynx and borders

A

Supraglottis - inferior surface of epiglottis to false vocal cords
Glottis
Subglottis- inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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15
Q

What is rima glottidis

A

Space between vocal cords

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16
Q

Epithelium of true vocal cords

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Arterial supply to larynx

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal artery

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18
Q

Venous drainage of larynx

A

Superior laryngeal into internal jugular vein and inferior laryngeal veins to the left brachiocephalic

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19
Q

Innervation of the larynx

A

From branches of vagus
Recurrent laryngeal sensory innervation to infraglottis
Superior laryngeal internal branch sensory innervation to supraglottis

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20
Q

What is the surface marking of oblique and horizontal fissure?

A

Bifurcation of trachea: T4

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21
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract belong to the upper respiratory tract and which to the lower respiratory tract?

A

upper- nose to laynx

lower- trachea to alveoli

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22
Q

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

humidify air, mucus secreting,

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23
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Increase surface area for warming/moisten inhaled air
Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face
Increasing resonance of the voice

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24
Q

What nerves innervate the nasopharynx, oropharynx and layngopharynx?

A

Nasopharynx: innervated by Pharanygeal
Oropharynx: innervated by Glossopharanygeal
Laryngopharynx: innervated by Glossopharyngeal
(innervated by 5-9-10)

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25
Q

What are the three differences between the left and right bronchus?

A

Right main bronchus: wider, shorter, more vertical

Left main bronchus: narrower, longer, more horizontal

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26
Q

What epithelium lines the trachea, epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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27
Q

What is the vestibular fold also known as and what is it lined by?

A

false vocal cords

respiratory epithelium

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

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29
Q

What are the 5 steps of inspiration?

A

inspiration 1
inspiratory muscles contract
diaphragm descends from stimulus phrenic nerve , rib cage rises

inspiration 2
thoracic cavity volume increases

inspiration 3
lungs are stretched
intrapulmonary volume increases

inspiration 4
intrapulmonary pressure drops

inspiration 5
air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0

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30
Q

What are the 6 steps of expriation?

A

diaphgram moves up , inspiratory muscles relax

thoracic cavity pressure decreases

elastic lungs recoil, intrapulmonary volume decreases

interpulmonary pressure rises

air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0

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31
Q

How many cartilages within the larynx

A

Three unpaired and six paired

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32
Q

What are the three unpaired cartilages

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

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33
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence

A

Adam’s apple

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34
Q

What cartilage is the cricoid made from

A

Hyaline

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35
Q

What cartilage does the epiglottis have

A

Elastic

36
Q

Structures within the respiratory system

A 
Nose and paranasal sinuses 
Pharynx
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi etc 
Lungs 
Plurae
37
Q

What is waldeyers ring

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso and oropharynx formed by paired palatine tonsils , adenoid and lingual tonsil .

38
Q

Function of the longitudinal muscles of pharynx

A

Shorten and widen and elevate the larynx during swallowing

39
Q

Names of longitudinal internal muscles of the pharynx and innervation

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharangeus

All vagus apart from stylo which is glossopharangyeal

40
Q

Innervation to muscles of pharynx

A

Vagus apart from stylopharangeus

41
Q

Position of larynx in regards to pharynx

A

The larynx is inferior to the pharynx

42
Q

What is the larynx covered by

A

Anteriorly by infrahyoid muscles

Laterally by the lobes of the thyroid gland

43
Q

What is the Adam’s apple

A

Laryngeal prominence

Two sheets of laminae which join anteriorly

44
Q

Three paired cartilages

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

45
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Undergoes contraction and relaxation

46
Q

Three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

Lumbar vertebrae
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
Xiphoid process of sternum

47
Q

Three hiatuses of the diaphragm

A

Caval hiatus
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic

48
Q

What passes through the caval hiatus and what level

A

T8
Ivc
Terminal branches of right phrenic nerve

49
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus and what level

A

T10
Oesophagus
Right and left vagus
Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery / vein

50
Q

What passes through aortic hiatus

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein

51
Q

Vasculature to diaphragm

A

Inferior phrenic arteries which arise from abdom aorta

52
Q

Pathway of recurrent laryngeal arteries

A

L loops under the aortic arch and travels up

Right in front of the right subclavian artery

53
Q

How are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected

A

Central isthmus

54
Q

What is the thyroid gland wrapped with

A

Cricoid cartilage

55
Q

Anterior structures of the thyroid

A

Infrahyoid muscles

Sternotnyroid

56
Q

Arterial supply to the thyroid and what they arise from

A

Superior thyroid artery - first branch of external carotid

Inferior thyroid artery - arises from the thyrocervical trunk

57
Q

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A

Superior middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a plexus

58
Q

Innervation to the thyroid gland

A

Branches of the sympathetic trunk

59
Q

Where are the parathyroid structures found

A

Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

60
Q

What is the carotid sheath

A

A tube of fascia containing the carotid artery , jugular vein and vagus nerve

61
Q

Main contents of the carotid triangle

A

Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal and vagus nerve

62
Q

Submental triangle contents and function

A

Submental lymph nodes under the chin

Filter lymph drainage from the floor of the mouth and parts of the tongue

63
Q

First layer of the neck

A

Platsyma

64
Q

Attachments of sternocleidomastoid and innervation

A

Attachments to manubrium of sternum and mastoid process of the temporal bone .
Accessory nerve

65
Q

What is the anterior triangle of the neck formed by

A

Anterior border of the stm laterally
Median line of the neck medially
Inferior border of the mandible superiorly

66
Q

Nerves that run through the anterior triangle

A

Vagus
Hypoglossal
Mylohyoid nerve

67
Q

What is the axillary fold made up from

A

Anterior Lateral edge of pec major

Posterior lateral edge of latissimus Doris and teres major

68
Q

What is the pump handle movement

A

During inspiration diameter of thorax is increased when the ribs elevate
Sternum also moves up
Costo cartilage is raising and lowering their sternal ends

69
Q

What is the bucket handle movement of ribs

A

During inspiration the transverse diameter of the thorax is increased by the ribs swinging outward , bucket handle motion

70
Q

What is the most common site of pharyngeal diverticula and what is it

A

Killians dehisense
A triangular shaped area of weakness in muscular wall of pharynx between transverse and oblique bundles of inferior pharanygeal constrictor

71
Q

Names of the four paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoidal
Maxillary

72
Q

Innervation , vasculature and drainage of frontal sinus

A

Supraorbital nerve
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Frontonasal

73
Q

Innervation , vasculature and of sphenoid sinus

A

Posterior ethmoidal nerve

Maxillary artery

74
Q

Three ethmoidal sinus

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

75
Q

Muscles of the tongue are supplied by

A

Hypoglossal nerve

76
Q

What is the hard palate formed by

A

Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones

77
Q

Functional of the internal and external muscles of larynx

A

Internal move along the individual components of the larynx , vital role in breathing and phonation
External elevate the larynx during swallowing

78
Q

Extrinsic muscles of larynx and their role

A

Suprahyoid , fixate the hyoid bone and elevate it

Infrahyoid ,lower the larynx and hyoid bone

79
Q

Importance of cricothyroid muscle and innervation

A

Stretches and tenses the vocal ligaments
Creation of forceful speech
External laryngeal nerve

80
Q

Anatomical course of the azygos vein

A

Originates from ivc
Ascends in posterior mediastinum to t4 before it arches above the right pulmonary hilum
Drains into superior vena cava before it pierces the pericardium ,

81
Q

What is carina

A

Point at which the trachea bifurcates into right and left main stem bronchi at t4

82
Q

What is the angle of Louis

A

Divides superior and inferior mediastinum

83
Q

lowest surface marking of the lungs

A

anteriorly - 6th rib
mid axillary 8th rib
posteriorly 10th rib

84
Q

What makes up waldeyers ring

A

Tubul tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Pharanygeal tonsil
Lingual tonsil

85
Q

Role of salpingopharangyeus

A

Raises larynx during swallowing

Opens pharanygeal orifice of tympanic tube

cardiology and respiratory (10 decks)

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