respiratory anatomy Flashcards
Three divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Borders function and histology of the nasopharynx
Base of skull and roof of soft palate
Conditions inspired air and propagates it to the larynx
Respiratory epithelium
Borders of oropharyns
Soft palate and superior border of epiglottis
What does the nasopharynx contain
Adenoid tonsils
What does the oropharynx contain
Lingual and palatine tonsils
Superior constrictor muscle
Posterior 1/3 of tongue
Borders of the laryngopharynx
Superior border of epiglottis and inferior border of cricoid cartilage
What does the laryngopharynx contain
Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
What are the three circular pharyngeal constructor muscles
Superior middle and inferior
What are the two components and differences of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Superior component - oblique fissures that attach to thyroid cartilage
Inferior component - horizontal fissures that attach to cricoid cartilage
Innervation of pharyngeal constrictors
VAGUS NERVE
Arterial supply to the pharynx ?
Branches of the external carotid :
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of facial artery
Branches of lingual and maxillary artery
What does the tympanic nerve innervate
Sensation to the middle ear
Parotid gland
Mastoid air cells
Function of the larynx
Phonation cough reflex and protection of the lower respiratory tract
Three divisions of the larynx and borders
Supraglottis - inferior surface of epiglottis to false vocal cords
Glottis
Subglottis- inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
What is rima glottidis
Space between vocal cords
Epithelium of true vocal cords
Stratified squamous epithelium
Arterial supply to larynx
Superior and inferior laryngeal artery
Venous drainage of larynx
Superior laryngeal into internal jugular vein and inferior laryngeal veins to the left brachiocephalic
Innervation of the larynx
From branches of vagus
Recurrent laryngeal sensory innervation to infraglottis
Superior laryngeal internal branch sensory innervation to supraglottis
What is the surface marking of oblique and horizontal fissure?
Bifurcation of trachea: T4
What parts of the respiratory tract belong to the upper respiratory tract and which to the lower respiratory tract?
upper- nose to laynx
lower- trachea to alveoli
What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?
humidify air, mucus secreting,
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Increase surface area for warming/moisten inhaled air
Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face
Increasing resonance of the voice
What nerves innervate the nasopharynx, oropharynx and layngopharynx?
Nasopharynx: innervated by Pharanygeal
Oropharynx: innervated by Glossopharanygeal
Laryngopharynx: innervated by Glossopharyngeal
(innervated by 5-9-10)
What are the three differences between the left and right bronchus?
Right main bronchus: wider, shorter, more vertical
Left main bronchus: narrower, longer, more horizontal
What epithelium lines the trachea, epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold?
Respiratory epithelium
What is the vestibular fold also known as and what is it lined by?
false vocal cords
respiratory epithelium
What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
What are the 5 steps of inspiration?
inspiration 1
inspiratory muscles contract
diaphragm descends from stimulus phrenic nerve , rib cage rises
inspiration 2
thoracic cavity volume increases
inspiration 3
lungs are stretched
intrapulmonary volume increases
inspiration 4
intrapulmonary pressure drops
inspiration 5
air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
What are the 6 steps of expriation?
diaphgram moves up , inspiratory muscles relax
thoracic cavity pressure decreases
elastic lungs recoil, intrapulmonary volume decreases
interpulmonary pressure rises
air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
How many cartilages within the larynx
Three unpaired and six paired
What are the three unpaired cartilages
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
What is the laryngeal prominence
Adam’s apple
What cartilage is the cricoid made from
Hyaline
What cartilage does the epiglottis have
Elastic
Structures within the respiratory system
Nose and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi etc Lungs Plurae
What is waldeyers ring
Ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso and oropharynx formed by paired palatine tonsils , adenoid and lingual tonsil .
Function of the longitudinal muscles of pharynx
Shorten and widen and elevate the larynx during swallowing
Names of longitudinal internal muscles of the pharynx and innervation
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharangeus
All vagus apart from stylo which is glossopharangyeal
Innervation to muscles of pharynx
Vagus apart from stylopharangeus
Position of larynx in regards to pharynx
The larynx is inferior to the pharynx
What is the larynx covered by
Anteriorly by infrahyoid muscles
Laterally by the lobes of the thyroid gland
What is the Adam’s apple
Laryngeal prominence
Two sheets of laminae which join anteriorly
Three paired cartilages
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Function of diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Undergoes contraction and relaxation
Three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
Lumbar vertebrae
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
Xiphoid process of sternum
Three hiatuses of the diaphragm
Caval hiatus
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic
What passes through the caval hiatus and what level
T8
Ivc
Terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
What passes through the oesophageal hiatus and what level
T10
Oesophagus
Right and left vagus
Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery / vein
What passes through aortic hiatus
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein
Vasculature to diaphragm
Inferior phrenic arteries which arise from abdom aorta
Pathway of recurrent laryngeal arteries
L loops under the aortic arch and travels up
Right in front of the right subclavian artery
How are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected
Central isthmus
What is the thyroid gland wrapped with
Cricoid cartilage
Anterior structures of the thyroid
Infrahyoid muscles
Sternotnyroid
Arterial supply to the thyroid and what they arise from
Superior thyroid artery - first branch of external carotid
Inferior thyroid artery - arises from the thyrocervical trunk
Venous drainage of the thyroid gland
Superior middle and inferior thyroid veins which form a plexus
Innervation to the thyroid gland
Branches of the sympathetic trunk
Where are the parathyroid structures found
Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
What is the carotid sheath
A tube of fascia containing the carotid artery , jugular vein and vagus nerve
Main contents of the carotid triangle
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal and vagus nerve
Submental triangle contents and function
Submental lymph nodes under the chin
Filter lymph drainage from the floor of the mouth and parts of the tongue
First layer of the neck
Platsyma
Attachments of sternocleidomastoid and innervation
Attachments to manubrium of sternum and mastoid process of the temporal bone .
Accessory nerve
What is the anterior triangle of the neck formed by
Anterior border of the stm laterally
Median line of the neck medially
Inferior border of the mandible superiorly
Nerves that run through the anterior triangle
Vagus
Hypoglossal
Mylohyoid nerve
What is the axillary fold made up from
Anterior Lateral edge of pec major
Posterior lateral edge of latissimus Doris and teres major
What is the pump handle movement
During inspiration diameter of thorax is increased when the ribs elevate
Sternum also moves up
Costo cartilage is raising and lowering their sternal ends
What is the bucket handle movement of ribs
During inspiration the transverse diameter of the thorax is increased by the ribs swinging outward , bucket handle motion
What is the most common site of pharyngeal diverticula and what is it
Killians dehisense
A triangular shaped area of weakness in muscular wall of pharynx between transverse and oblique bundles of inferior pharanygeal constrictor
Names of the four paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
Innervation , vasculature and drainage of frontal sinus
Supraorbital nerve
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Frontonasal
Innervation , vasculature and of sphenoid sinus
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Maxillary artery
Three ethmoidal sinus
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Muscles of the tongue are supplied by
Hypoglossal nerve
What is the hard palate formed by
Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
Functional of the internal and external muscles of larynx
Internal move along the individual components of the larynx , vital role in breathing and phonation
External elevate the larynx during swallowing
Extrinsic muscles of larynx and their role
Suprahyoid , fixate the hyoid bone and elevate it
Infrahyoid ,lower the larynx and hyoid bone
Importance of cricothyroid muscle and innervation
Stretches and tenses the vocal ligaments
Creation of forceful speech
External laryngeal nerve
Anatomical course of the azygos vein
Originates from ivc
Ascends in posterior mediastinum to t4 before it arches above the right pulmonary hilum
Drains into superior vena cava before it pierces the pericardium ,
What is carina
Point at which the trachea bifurcates into right and left main stem bronchi at t4
What is the angle of Louis
Divides superior and inferior mediastinum
lowest surface marking of the lungs
anteriorly - 6th rib
mid axillary 8th rib
posteriorly 10th rib
What makes up waldeyers ring
Tubul tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Pharanygeal tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Role of salpingopharangyeus
Raises larynx during swallowing
Opens pharanygeal orifice of tympanic tube
