respiratory Flashcards
transthoracic plane is at what t level
t4
how many lobes on right lung
3
name of 4 paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary
what cartilage is the laryngopharynx made from
epiglottis is elastic and the rest are hyaline
what is the average lung capacity
5.9l
define intrinsic defence
non-immune mechanism of precenting infection
E.g: cough, sneezing, muco-ciliary clearance
define Innate / cell mediated immunity
Non-specific immune response present from birth
No memory
what do b cells form in the immune response
Specific to the antigen
Factories for antibodies
Activate other T-cells
Create memory cells
where is pressure highest in foetal circulation
Right heart
What are the groups of ribs?
1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
10-12 floating ribs
Name the four nasal sinuses and where they drain into?
All middle meatus apart from sphenoid
frontal-middle meatus
ethmoidal - anterior middle meatus
sphenoid - sphenoidal recess
maxillary -middle meatus
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?
inferior meatus
Which is the largest meatus?
inferior meatus
What is the hiatus semilunaris
cresent shaped groove in the lateral wall of nasal cavity
Name three types of receptor involved in the control of ventilation, where they are situated and what affect their stimulation has?
juxtapulmonary receptors- chemical stimulation fast breathing
stretch receptors- pressure stimulated - causes shorter and shallower breathing
irritant receptors - throughout respiratory tract ,coughing in upper tract
What is the chloride shift and why is it needed?
C02 enters a RBC) some of it is converted into HCO3- which diffuses out of leaving H+ in cell, Cl- enters to keep the cell neutral
State three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
carbaminohaemoglobins
hco3-
dissolved in plasma
What cartilage is responsible for altering tension of the vocal cords?
arytenoid
What does a shift to the left or right of an oxyhaemoglobin curve represent?
Left=higher affinity (fetal, to get oxygen from mother’s blood), right=lower (hummingbird)
Name three things that shift the oxyhaemoglobin curve to the right
increase in temp
pco2
h+(ph)
What is the primary way carbon dioxide Is transported in the blood
bicarbonate ions in the plasma
State the normal arterial blood oxygen saturation
95-99%
What is the average value for tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, respiratory rate
TV- 500ml
VC-4.5l
TLC- 5.7l
RR-15/min
Describe the body’s response to altitude
Decrease PiO2, hyperventilation, increase minute ventilation, decrease PaCO2, initial alkalosis (compensated by renal bicarbonate secretion), tachycardia
What is the Henderson-hasslebach equation?
and what catalyses it
Water+ carbon dioxide- H2CO3 -H+ + HCO3-
carbonic anhydrase
What is the arterial blood pH at sea level and what happens at altitude
7.36-7.44
becomes more alkaline
What are the three functions of (conchae?
Humidify 98%, heat regulator, filter, elevate, streamline and pressurnise
What structure lies lateral to the ethmoidal air cells?
Orbit
Where is the ventricle of the larynx?
Between the vocal folds and vestibular folds,
When is surfactant first detectable in a fetus?
24 weeks
what is conchea
bony structures inside your nose
What is the correct order of the thyroid, hyoid and cricoid?
hyoid
thyroid
cricoid
What happens to your pressure at altitude
Atmospheric pressure falls
Pio2 falls
FIO2 stays same
Pathology of lungs at depth
Decompression sickness due to rapid decrease in pressure
Inert gas narcosis due to change in pressure
Arterial gas embolism blockage of blood supply to organs caused by bubbles in an artery
Embryological phases
Embryonic 0-12 trachea and lung bud , epithelia
Pseudoglandular 5–16 everything apart from gas exchange
Canalicular 17-28 bronchioles and bronchus enlarge
Tissue becomes more vascular
Saccular - 28 terminal sacs develop
Alveolar late fetus after birth
Alveoli fully develop
First breath
Fluid removed from lungs Air inhaled O2 stimulates pulmonary vasodilation Ductus arteriosus and venous constrict Foremen ovale close within 6 months after birth
Nostril and nostril roof histology
Keratinising stratified squamous
Nostril roof - resp epithelium but no goblet cells
What are type 2 pneumocytes
Synthesising cells of alveolar surfactant
Wha does alveolar surfactant do
Lowers surface tension which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy
histology of type 2 pneumocytes
cuboidal with apical microvilli.
What is the Respiratory diverticulum
Week 4 of development
Outpocketing appears in the proximal part of primitive gut tube
Lung buds
The diverticulum bifurcates into two buds , which become the left and right primary bronchi
Right then proliferate to give secondary and tertiary bronchi
link between alveolar surfactant and premature babies
surfactant keeps alveoli open
if born more than two weeks premature there is not enough surfactant so they die cant keep themselves alive
