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cardiology and respiratory > breathing and regulation > Flashcards

breathing and regulation Flashcards

1
Q

what does the conducting zone of lower resp tract consist of

A

trachea 🡪 main bronchus 🡪 lobar / segmental bronchi 🡪 terminal bronchioles)

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2
Q

if someone aspirates an object where would it end up

A

Right main bronchus large lumen, more vertically orientated than left

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3
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
Cilia

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4
Q

histology of trachea

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
+ Cartilage
+ Smooth muscle

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5
Q

histology of alveoli

A

simple squamous

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6
Q

function of pores of kohn

A

help equalise pressure across the air sacks

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7
Q

histology of respiratory bronchioles

A

cuboidal epithelium

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8
Q

method of respiratory pump

A

Diaphragm contracts (Flattens)
External intercostals contract (Lift ribs up and out)
Transpulmonary pressure is negative
Air is drawn in until pressure equalizes
Relaxation of muscles causes passive expiration

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9
Q

how does the sternocleidomastoid help with inspiration

A

helps to bring the ribs up

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10
Q

how does rectus abdominus and internal intercostals help with active expiration

A

bring the ribs closer together

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11
Q

innervation of diapgram

A

phrenic c3c4c5

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12
Q

innervation of intercostal mjuscles

A

intercostalonerves

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13
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors and what are they most sensitive to

A

carotid & aortic bodies. Most sensitive to pO2 change

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14
Q

where are central chemoreceptors situated and what are they most sensitive to

A

medulla oblongata. Most sensitive to pCO2 change

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15
Q

two main centres for respiratory control and what do they control

A

medullary : dorsal , inspiration control
Ventral , inspiration and forced expiration
pontine: apneustic centre acts on dorsal respiratory group
Pneumotaxic centre , off switch inhibits apneustic centre

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16
Q

what is Intrapleural pressure (Ppl)

A

is the pressure difference across the pleura

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17
Q

what is ventilation rate

A

air flowing into lungs in a given time period

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18
Q

what is perfusion

A

blood flowing into the capillary beds

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19
Q

what is vq mismatch

A

Blockage to perfusion (Pulmonary embolism)

Barrier to gas exchange (pneumonia disrupting alveoli)

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20
Q

what is daltons law

A

The total pressure of a gas mix is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each component

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21
Q

what is henrys law

A

At a given temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure

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22
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of a normal breath

23
Q

physiological dead space

A

Physiological dead space: anatomical + alveolar dead space. (Includes air in poorly perfused or ventilated parts of the lung)

24
Q

Smooth muscle in bronchioles can constrict airways

parasympathetically?

A

ach binds to m3 receptors, , bronchoconstriction

25
Q

Smooth muscle in bronchioles can constrict airways

sympathetically

A

adrenaline / noradrenaline bind to B2 (adreno) receptor

= bronchodilation

26
Q

What muscles are involved in respiring ?

A

diapgram,
abdominal muscles
intercostal muscles - internal and external

27
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The part of the pleural cavity not occupied by the lung

28
Q

Describe the alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2 = FIO2 x ( patm- ph2o) - PaCO2 /Rrespiratory quotient

29
Q

What epithelium lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

30
Q

what is the carotid sinus innervated by

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

31
Q

What is the air left at the end of expiration of a normal quiet breath called?

A

Functional residual capacity

32
Q

How is tidal ventilation calculated?

A

Tidal ventilation= tidal volume x respiratory rate

33
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The residual volume is the volume left after maximum exhalation

34
Q

What is the total lung capacity and how do you calculate it?

A

LC= residual volume+ vital capacity

5.9 L

35
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

Vital capacity is the maximum that can be breathed in or out

36
Q

What do peripheral chemorecptors respond to and where are they located, what do they respond to?

A

carotid artery and aortic arch

respond to arterial blood

37
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to and where are they located, what do they respond to?

A

Central respond to [H+]
Located at medulla of brain
Respond to ECF of brain

38
Q

Process of inspiration with nerves

A

Phrenic and motor intercostal nerves cause diaphragm and external intercostal to contract
⬆️ volume ⬇️pressure
Pump handle ribs up and out bucket handle pulling parietal pleura too
⬆️alveolar stretch
💨o2 moves in down pressure grad

39
Q

Process of expiration with nerves

A

⬇️ impulses to diaphragm and external intercostal
Decrease volume increase pressure
Alveoli compress as lungs pressure increases
Air passively moves out down conc grad

40
Q

How do you work out trans pulmonary pressure

A

Alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

41
Q

How to work out ventilation rate

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

42
Q

Where is the vq ratio high and low

A

High at apex of lung due to gravity

Low at the base of lung

43
Q

Two extremes of vq mismatch

A

Pulmonary embolism , blockage to perfusion due to dead space

Pul oedema , collapsed alveoli due to fluid build up

44
Q

Regulation of vq

A

Local bronchi constriction , air diverted to better ventilated areas

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction blood diverted to better perfumed areas

45
Q

What is boyles law

A

Pressure and volume are always inversely proportional at a given temp of gas

46
Q

What do j receptors do

A

Respond to increase in lung pressure because of fluid build such and lead to an increase in ventilation

47
Q

What do stretch receptors do

A

In smooth muscle

When the lung expands , receptors initiate the hering bruer reflex which reduces respiratory rate .

48
Q

What is respiratory drive and what is it controlled by

A

Intensity of the output by the respiratory centres

Control by medulla oblongata

49
Q

What does alveolar recruitment refer to

A

Opening of collapsed alveoli

50
Q

Laplaces law

A

As alveoli get smaller at the end of expiration , surface tension increases , surfactant is therefore required to prevent collapse .

51
Q

Rate of gas diffusion factors

A

Conc grad
Sa for diffusion
Length of diffusion pathway

52
Q

Diffusion barrier in the lung layers

A 
Alveolar epithelium 
Tissue fluid 
Capillary endothelium 
Plasma 
Red cell membrane
53
Q

main difference between peripheral and chemoreceptors

A

peripheral detect changes in ph and 02

central only detect changes in h+ and o2

54
Q

difference and parts of resp zone and conducting zone

A

resp zone -gas exchange resp , bronchioles to alveolar sacs

conducting zone - air in and out of the lungs ,bronchi to terminal bronchi

cardiology and respiratory (10 decks)

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