Respiratory

Question 1

Which receptors cause dilation of the airways?

Answer 1

B2 receptors

Question 2

Blood gases: Low pH, low HCO3-, high pCO2

Answer 2

Mixed respiratory/metabolic acidosis

Question 3

What pushes O2-Hb curve to the right?

Answer 3

Low pH
High CO2
High temperature
High 2,3-DPG

Question 4

Which cell type in the lung produces surfactant?

Answer 4

Type II pneumocytes

Question 5

Where are J receptors located?

Answer 5

Alveoli

Question 6

What is the treatment for Oslerus osleri?

Answer 6

Fenbendazole

Question 7

What happens in the lungs when O2 is < 70%?

Answer 7

Vasoconstriction

Question 8

What is inactivated by the lungs?

Answer 8

Serotonin (inactivated/taken up by lung)
Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha (inactivated/removed)
Leukotrienes (removed)

Question 9

What causes INCREASED V/Q?

Answer 9

PTE (normal V, low Q)

Question 10

What is the definition of functional residual capacity?

Answer 10

Normal volume remaining in lungs after normal expiration

Question 11

What substance is lost with pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 11

Prostacyclin (endothelium derived relaxing factors – prostacyclin and nitric oxide)

Question 12

How to dx lower airway collapse? [fluoro, CT, MRI, TXR]

Answer 12

Fluoroscopy

Question 13

What activates chemoreceptors and what do they cause?

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors detect oxygen levels in the blood and are located in the carotid and aortic bodies (also detect changes in bicarb and hydrogen)

When low oyxgen levels are detected by chemoreceptors, it leads to excitation and increases respiration

Question 14

What is the function of surfactant?

Answer 14

Decreases alveolar surface tension which reduces the work of breathing (increases compliance)

Question 15

What do each of the following factors do with respect to pulmonary vascular tone/inducing pulmonary hypertension? (Endothelin-1, serotonin, alveolar hypoxia, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, platelet derived growth factor, nitric oxide)

Answer 15

Endothelin-1 (ET-1): causes vasoconstriction, stimulates smooth muscle growth, increases collagen synthesis, promotes vascular remodeling, promotes/potentiates PH

Serotonin: vasoconstriction, induces PH

Alveolar hypoxia: vasoconstriction, induces PH

Thromboxane A2: vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and cellular proliferation, promotes/potentiates PH

Prostacyclin: potent vasodilator, inhibits platelet activation and has antiproliferative properties, protects against PH

Platelet derived growth factor (PDEGF): induces proliferation and migration of PA smooth muscle cells, promotes/potentiates PH

Nitric oxide (NO): vasodilator, inhibitor of platelet activation, and inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, protects against PH