Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Ehrlichia canis?
Rhipicephalus sanguiensus
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Ehrlichia ewingii?
Amblyomma americanum
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis?
Amblyomma americanum
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
Ixodes pacificus (Northwest USA), Ixodes scapularis (Northeast + upper midwest USA), Ixodes ricinus (Europe)
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Anaplasma platys?
Rhipicephalus sanguiensus
Which tick is responsible for transmission of Rickettsia rickettsia?
Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni
Which vector is responsible for transmission of Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
Fluke (Nanophyetus salminocola)
By what routes of transmissions is neospora caninum spread?
Consumption of infected bovine, transplacentally, transmammary
What is the most sensitive test for diagnosing Aspergillus?
Cytology via brushing of lesions during endoscopy, squash prep? (detected in 93-100% of dogs)
What is the treatment of choice for Giardia?
Fenbendazole (or metronidazole)
What is the gold standard of diagnosis for Rabies?
dFA (direct fluorescent antibody toest)
What is the diagnostic test of choice for Anaplasma phagocytophilum? What problems exist with the test?
Serology (IFA/ELISA); there is cross reactivity with other Anaplasma species and Ehrlichia, may reflect chronic exposure so need to demonstrate 4x increase, false negatives if recent exposure
What does a positive urine PCR test indicate? A negative?
Positive test indicates acute leptosporosis OR subclinical/chronic infection with shedding of bacterium through the urine
A negative test could indicate lack of infection, early infection before urine shedding has occurred, or false negative (such as when abx are started prior to testing)
What is the preferred method to diagnose/speciate Campylobacter-associated diarrhea?
Fresh fecal swab/anaroebic transport medium for culture on Campy-CVA w/ antimicrobial agent (cefoperazone)
What preventative measures can pregnant owners take to minimize risk for Toxoplasma gondii infections (can cause birth defects if infected during pregnancy)?
Keep cat indoors, don’t feed raw food diet, rodent control, scoop litterbox daily (prevents oocytes from sporulating), good hygiene
What illness does canine influenza (H3N8) cause?
Respiratory signs
What tick-borne bacteria is responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsia
What is the mechanism of Babesia RBC lysis?
Parasite antigens incorporate into red blood cell membrane (merozoites) OR attach to the surface of red blood cells + platelets and induce host opsonizing antibodies
Increased osmotic fragility
Direct erythrocyte injury by organism
Induction of oxidative damage
Biochemical findings in FIP effusion
Classical finding is clear/yellow and sticky but can be variable. Typical high protein content (>3.5 g/dL) typical of an exudate and moderately low cell count (<5000 cells/mL). Increased globulins and an ALB:Glob of <0.4.
What is the mechanism for FIP effusion?
Vasculitis secondary to over-production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1B) and VEGF
What is the infective form for toxoplasma?
Infection occurs via ingestion of oocytes (contain sporozoites) or tissue cyst (contains bradyzoites)
What is the placental infective form for toxoplasma?
Transplacental infection can occur if the dam is infected DURING pregnancy. Tachyzoites migrate across placenta to fetus
What is the infective form responsible for signs in cytauxzoonosis?
Sporozoite
What is the infective form of Babesia?
Sporozoite
What are the hosts of cryptosporidium hominis?
Primates (humans) primarily, also cattle, sheep, and pigs
What is the main clinical presentation of dogs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi?
Asymptomatic (90%) - if show symptoms, see fever, polyarthritis, lyme nephritis
What is the most sensitive test for leptospirosis?
Serololgy (IFA/ELISA)? MAT is gold standard but has poor sensitivity, especially early on with infection. Cannot distinguish between active infection and chronic/vaccination with serology but should catch most of the positive cases (i.e. high sensitivity, poor specificity)
What is the most accurate test for toxoplasma infection in cats?
Serology (IgM correlates best with active infection, typically use paired IgG and IgM)
What is the treatment of Babesia gibsoni?
- Azithromycin + atovaquone
- Imidocarb
- Clindamycin, metronidazole + doxycycline
When do we use antibiotics for treating salmonellosis?
Only treat if systemic clinical signs (diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or lethargy). Can be asymptomatic carriers.
Which pulmonary parasite is diagnosed with Baermann method?
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
ALSO Strongyloides, Filaroides
What test most helpful to diagnose leptospirosis 5 days after infection
Paired blood and urine PCR
What is the vector for Babesia gibsoni?
Rhipicephalus sanguiesus (U.S.) Dermacentor reticulatus (Europe)
What tick vectors carry Cytauxzoon felis?
Amblyoma americanum
Dermacentor variabilis
What is considered the gold standard test for confirming a diagnosis of acute leptospirosis (if clinical signs started at least 5 days prior)?
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
What is the vector for Borrelia burgdoferi?
Ixodes pacificus (West Coast), Ixodes scapularis (North East USA, Upper Midwest USA)
What is a zoonotic pathogen between horses/dogs and people?
Staph aureus
How is Pythium transmitted?
Inoculation of skin (infection by encysting in damaged skin or GI mucosa)
What causes myocarditis in dogs, cerebellar dz in cats, diarrhea in pigs?
Canine parvovirus - 2
What acid fast pathogen can cause pyothorax?
Nocardia (& Mycobacterium)
What is the treatment for feline Tritrichomonas foetus? (blagburni)?
Ronidazole
What is the most common Gram negative cause of feline pyothorax?
Pasteurella multocida
What is the treatment for Cytauxzoonosis?
Atovaquone and azithromycin
Dog with fever of unknown origin (FUO) from the south east (SE), has morulae within neutrophils?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum or E. ewingii (SE)
What is the treatment for nasal aspergillosis?
Meticulous sinonasal fungal plaque debridement and lavage is an important aspect of therapy and may require sinus trephination
Intranasal 1% clotrimazole or 1-2% enilconazole solutions in polyethylene glycol are then utilized
Continue treatment until there is resolution of clinical, endoscopic, and CT disease
